{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:09:23Z","timestamp":1788804563892,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 32372365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32372365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Double First-Class Disciplines of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology & Business University","award":["No. 19008022213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 19008022213"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["No. 6232001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 6232001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dysphagia is a common clinical symptom, often accompanied by insufficient lubrication of the oral cavity and pharynx, which reduces eating efficiency and nutrient intake, increases the risk of complications such as aspiration pneumonia. Artificial saliva is a product designed to mimic natural saliva, commonly used to provide oral lubrication. However, few studies have demonstrated its efficacy in improving dysphagia. Epidemiological data clarify the characteristics of populations for dysphagia, while the process of swallowing dysfunction induced by etiological factors provides a clinical basis for the application of artificial saliva. This review highlights the importance of artificial saliva in the management of dysphagia, summarizes the current status of research on artificial saliva in recent years, and elucidates the mechanisms underlying the lubrication behavior of artificial saliva from the perspective of the salivary multilayer through its interaction with the salivary conditioning film (SCF), thereby paving the way for next generation artificial saliva.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c15323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T16:00:03Z","timestamp":1782057603000},"page":"19163-19176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application and\nFuture Development of Artificial Saliva\nin People with Dysphagia"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-4246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]},{"name":"Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2026090713203460300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132149","article-title":"Exploring the Associations Between Dysphagia and Health-Related\nOutcomes in Older Adults: Results from the ilSirente Study","volume":"17","author":"Coelho-Ju\u0301nior","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090713203460300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-020-00258-x","article-title":"Oropharyngeal\nDysphagia in the Elderly:\nEvaluation and Prevalence","volume":"8","author":"Abu-Ghanem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Otorhinolaryngol\nRep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090713203460300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03380-0","article-title":"The Global\nPrevalence of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Different Populations: A\nSystematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rajati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl.\nMed."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S107750","article-title":"European Society for Swallowing Disorders \u2013\nEuropean Union Geriatric Medicine Society White Paper: Oropharyngeal\nDysphagia as a Geriatric Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Baijens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv.\nAging"},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.01.003","article-title":"Oral Bio-Interfaces:\nProperties and Functional Roles of Salivary\nMultilayer in Food Oral Processing","volume":"132","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026090713203460300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S903","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_236_21","article-title":"Artificial\nSaliva for Therapeutic Management of Xerostomia: A Narrative Review","volume":"13","author":"Alhejoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. BioAllied Sci."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104782","article-title":"Modification\nof Salivary\nMultilayer for Improved Oral Lubrication","volume":"155","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends\nFood Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090713203460300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-024-10758-3","article-title":"Revealing\nGoal-Directed Neural Control of the Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing","volume":"40","author":"Zainaee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090713203460300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407219","article-title":"The Physiology\nof Swallowing","volume":"3","author":"Dodds","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090713203460300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13100","article-title":"The Anatomy and Physiology of Normal and Abnormal Swallowing in Oropharyngeal\nDysphagia","volume":"29","author":"Sasegbon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology Motil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090713203460300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12804","article-title":"The True Cost\nof Dysphagia on Quality\nof Life: The Views of Adults with Swallowing Disability","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intl J. Lang & Comm Disor"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090713203460300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1582450","article-title":"The Impact\nof Dysphagia Therapy on Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s\nDisease as Measured by the Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire\n(SWALQOL)","volume":"20","author":"Ayres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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Proc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090713203460300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12809","article-title":"Systematic Reviews on the Management\nof Xerostomia and Hyposalivation\u2500An Umbrella Review","volume":"42","author":"Conte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090713203460300_cit24","first-page":"234","article-title":"Where Dysphagia Begins: Polypharmacy and Xerostomia","volume":"35","author":"Marcott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fed Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090713203460300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12969","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Saliva Secretion\nand Hyposecretion","volume":"132","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090713203460300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211004842","article-title":"Disease-Induced\nChanges in Salivary Gland Function\nand the Composition of Saliva","volume":"100","author":"Proctor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090713203460300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2021.08.015","article-title":"Anticholinergic\nMedication: Related Dry Mouth and Effects on the Salivary Glands","volume":"132","author":"Arany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090713203460300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771458","article-title":"Dysphagia in Neurological\nDisorders","volume":"43","author":"El Halabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090713203460300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28962","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes-Induced\nHyposalivation\nof the Submandibular Gland through PINK1\/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy","volume":"235","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090713203460300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.05.032","article-title":"Polymer Coated Mucoadhesive\nLiposomes Intended for the Management of Xerostomia","volume":"527","author":"Adamczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2019.100307","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation\nof Biophysical Properties of an Artificial Saliva Produced from Aloe\nVera Gel\u2019","volume":"19","author":"Nayebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106802","article-title":"On the Rheological\nand Sensory Properties\nof a Novel Natural Salivary Substitute","volume":"199","author":"Bugarin-Castillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur.\nJ. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.109996","article-title":"Thickening,\nLubricating and Wetting Capabilities of Sodium Hyaluronate in Comparison\nwith Commercial Polysaccharides for Applications in Artificial Saliva","volume":"153","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090713203460300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520917675","article-title":"Enhancement\nin Xerostomia Patient\nSalivary Lubrication Using a Mucoadhesive","volume":"99","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\nDent. 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Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090713203460300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-022-0629-2","article-title":"Stable Oral\nLubrication Enhancer Obtained from Thiolated Polyethylene Glycol and\nMucin","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Friction"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090713203460300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46108-w","article-title":"Benchmarking of a Microgel-Reinforced\nHydrogel-Based Aqueous Lubricant against Commercial Saliva Substitutes","volume":"13","author":"Pabois","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090713203460300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587215590232","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Efficacy of an Herbal Compound on Dry\nMouth in Patients With Head and Neck Cancers: A Randomized Clinical\nTrial","volume":"21","author":"Ameri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8537643","article-title":"Coconut Oil\nas a Novel Approach to Managing Radiation-Induced\nXerostomia: A Primary Feasibility Study","volume":"2020","author":"Quimby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.84709","article-title":"Functions of Saliva","volume-title":"Saliva and Salivary\nDiagnostics","author":"Maddu","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090713203460300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-9-3-72","article-title":"Saliva\nComposition and Functions:\nA Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"Azevedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit46","first-page":"71","article-title":"Lubrication","volume-title":"Monographs in Oral Science","author":"Yakubov","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.04.001","article-title":"The Mucosal\nPellicle \u2013 An Underestimated Factor in Oral Physiology","volume":"80","author":"Hannig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090713203460300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133199","article-title":"Artificial\nSaliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives\nfor the Treatment of Xerostomia","volume":"20","author":"\u0141ysik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol.\nSci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090713203460300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12867","article-title":"Salivary Functions\nin Mastication, Taste and Textural Perception, Swallowing and Initial\nDigestion","volume":"24","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090713203460300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1982.tb00138.x","article-title":"Role of Salivary\nMucins in the Protection of the Oral Cavity","volume":"11","author":"Tabak","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"2026090713203460300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2019.12.004","article-title":"Nonspecific Interactions\nin Biomedical Applications","volume":"47","author":"Adibnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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