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PLFs at a concentration of 0 (control, CON) and 15 mg\/250 mg dry matter (DM) were mixed with 30 mL of buffered rumen fluid and were incubated for 24 h. Methane (CH4) production (mL\/250 mg DM) was the highest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for CON (7.65) and lowest for the chloroform fraction (5.41) compared to those of other PLFs at 24 h of incubation. Acetate to propionate ratio was the lowest for PLFs compared to that of CON. Supplementation of the diet with PLFs significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) decreased the rate of BH of C18:1n-9 (oleic acid; OA), C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid; LA), and C18:3n-3 (\u03b1-linolenic acid; LNA) compared to that of CON after 24 h of incubation. Real time PCR indicated that total protozoa and total methanogen population in PLFs decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to those of CON.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]],"date-time":"2016-05-18T18:42:23Z","timestamp":1463596943000},"page":"4522-4530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Manipulation of Rumen Microbial Fermentation by Polyphenol\nRich Solvent Fractions from Papaya Leaf to Reduce Green-House Gas\nMethane and Biohydrogenation of C18 PUFA"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Saeid","family":"Jafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia , , 43400 Serdang , Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goh Yong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia , , 43400 Serdang , Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]},{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia , , 43400 Serdang , Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ali","family":"Rajion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia , , 43400 Serdang , Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Faseleh","family":"Jahromi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia , , 43400 Serdang , Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia , , 43400 Serdang , Selangor ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081505074725700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-013-0554-5","article-title":"Evidence for a hydrogen-sink mechanism of (+) catechin-mediated\nemission reduction of the ruminant greenhouse gas methane","volume":"10","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"2026081505074725700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5727","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401544v","article-title":"Influence of apple\nand citrus pectins, processed mango peels, a phenolic\nmango peel extract, and gallic acid as potential feed supplements\non in vitro total gas production and rumen methanogenesis","volume":"61","author":"Geerkens","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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