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We investigated the joint effects of ZnO-NPs and imidacloprid (IMI) along a lettuce\u2013snail food chain over 21days of uptake and 10 days of depuration, focusing on IMI biotransformation and the associated changes of gut microbiota. Coexposure to ZnO-NPs increased the uptake rate constants and the kinetic trophic transfer factor of IMI from lettuce to snail soft tissues by 1.98\u20132.14-fold and 1.78\u20131.92-fold, respectively. Higher biotransformation rate constants and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI) concentrations in mixture treatments suggested enhanced IMI metabolism under coexposure. IMI predominantly accumulated in soft tissues, whereas 5-OH-IMI was primarily excreted via feces, and Zn was retained in viscera. Coexposure was accompanied by larger shifts in gut bacteria and predicted xenobiotic-metabolism-related functional changes, which correlated with IMI and 5-OH-IMI toxicokinetic patterns. These findings underscore the relevance of nanoparticle\u2013pesticide\u2013microbiota\u2013host interactions to agroecosystem risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c01695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1788537717000},"page":"28150-28163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut Microbiota-Associated\nChanges in Toxicokinetics\nof Imidacloprid across a Terrestrial Food Chain: Aggravated Transfer\nand Biotransformation upon Coexposure to ZnO-NPs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-1127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yugang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zile","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongfei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7100-0665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3474-8100","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1296-3192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina G.","family":"Vijver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University , , , ,","place":["Leiden, The Netherlands, 2300 RA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2958-9149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Willie J. G. M.","family":"Peijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University , , , ,","place":["Leiden, The Netherlands, 2300 RA"]},{"name":"National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , , ,","place":["Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 3720 BA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091609092420100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00712-5","article-title":"Risk of pesticide pollution\nat the global scale","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026091609092420100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17933","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00372","article-title":"Transformation Products of Neonicotinoids:\nA Review of Human Exposure,\nToxicity, and Health Risks","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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