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Using a two-year open-top chamber (OTC) field study and greenhouse experiments, combined with synchrotron radiation microscopic X-ray fluorescence (SR-\u03bcXRF) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), we assessed the impacts of wet\/dry deposition and soil type on rice and pak choi. Newly deposited metals showed high bioavailability and increased soil bioavailable pools. Foliar exposure contributed 22\u201377% to metal accumulation in edible tissues than root uptake, regardless of soil contamination. Rice nodes act as redistribution hubs, transporting foliar-acquired metals upward while limiting downward movement. SR-\u03bcXRF revealed distinct within-node metal distribution patterns between exposure pathways. These findings establish foliar uptake as a dominant and quantitatively significant entry route for trace metals, highlighting the necessity of selecting low-accumulation crops to reduce foliar exposure to safeguard food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c02051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:07:08Z","timestamp":1788451628000},"page":"28178-28189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Foliar Uptake Exceeds\nSoil Contamination: Dominant\nContribution of Bioavailable Atmospheric Trace Metals to Crop Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4590-0704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbiao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Huainan, China, 232001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-6808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buyun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Open University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210017"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Centre for Ecological and Environmental Protection in Urban and Rural Water Environment Management and Low Carbon Development , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210017"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091609093873300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174467","article-title":"Atmospheric emissions of particulate\nmatter-bound heavy metals from industrial sources","volume":"947","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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