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To elucidate the genetic basis of natural variation in seed VE content, we integrated multienvironment QTL mapping, functional genomics, and population genetic analyses in soybean. A recombinant inbred line population derived from the high-VE cultivar Huachun 2 and the low-VE landrace Wayao revealed a stable major QTL, qVE12, on chromosome 12 that explained 20%\u201331% of the phenotypic variation in VE content. Within the qVE12 interval, GmTAT1, encoding a tyrosine aminotransferase functioning in the Tyr\u2013HGA branch of tocopherol biosynthesis, was identified as the most likely candidate gene. CRISPR\/Cas9 knockout and overexpression demonstrated that GmTAT1 positively regulates seed VE accumulation, and GFP fusion assays localized GmTAT1 to the cytosol. In a soybean diversity panel, three major upstream haplotypes linked to GmTAT1 were identified from publicly available genotype data, and a favorable haplotype carrying a candidate regulatory variant at Chr12:30,821,186 was associated with higher total VE in a subset of 144 accessions phenotyped by HPLC. This favorable haplotype remained at low frequency in the broader population and was located in a genomic region with low diversity and differentiation. These findings identify qVE12\/GmTAT1 as a practical target and provide linked regulatory polymorphisms for VE biofortification in soybean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c02080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T17:57:04Z","timestamp":1784051824000},"page":"22605-22616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Variation in\n                    <i>GmTAT1<\/i>\n                    , a Tyrosine\nAminotransferase, Controls Seed Vitamin E Content in Soybean"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Mingming","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SanSan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuanghui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-2491","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tengxiang","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qibin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-2615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhandong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642"]},{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026072910062644100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.6.714","article-title":"gamma-tocopherol, the\nmajor form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention","volume":"74","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. 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Soybean\n- worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and\npests","volume":"3","author":"Hartman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Security"},{"key":"2026072910062644100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035","article-title":"Natural forms\nof vitamin E: metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities\nand their role in disease prevention and therapy","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. 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Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072910062644100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7010002","article-title":"Vitamin E\nBiosynthesis and Its Regulation in Plants","volume":"7","author":"Me\u0300ne-Saffrane\u0301","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072910062644100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.08.006","article-title":"Vitamin E\nin Plants: Biosynthesis, Transport, and Function","volume":"24","author":"Mun\u0303oz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072910062644100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.015222","article-title":"Homogentisate\nphytyltransferase activity is limiting\nfor tocopherol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis","volume":"131","author":"Collakova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072910062644100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.15.00594","article-title":"Chlorophyll Synthase\nunder Epigenetic Surveillance Is Critical for Vitamin E Synthesis,\nand Altered Expression Affects Tocopherol Levels in Arabidopsis","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026072910062644100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1344095","article-title":"Vitamin\nE biofortification: enhancement of\nseed tocopherol concentrations by altered chlorophyll metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026072910062644100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.04.004","article-title":"A decade of\nprogress in understanding vitamin E synthesis in plants","volume":"162","author":"Dellapenna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026072910062644100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.01.007","article-title":"Current strategies for vitamin E biofortification of\ncrops","volume":"44","author":"Me\u0300ne-Saffrane\u0301","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026072910062644100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743993","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.743993","article-title":"Regulation\nof Tocopherol Biosynthesis\nDuring Fruit Maturation of Different Citrus Species","volume":"12","author":"Rey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072910062644100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006539","article-title":"TAT1 and TAT2 tyrosine\naminotransferases have both distinct and shared functions in tyrosine\nmetabolism and degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"294","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. 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Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072910062644100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-019-2117-z","article-title":"Identification of quantitative trait\nloci for increased \u03b1-tocopherol\nbiosynthesis in wild soybean using a high-density genetic map","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"2026072910062644100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.103932","article-title":"Seed tocopherol assessment\nand geographical distribution of 1151 Chinese soybean accessions from\ndiverse ecoregions","volume":"100","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. 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Plant Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072910062644100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01901-9","article-title":"High-quality genome\nof a modern soybean cultivar and resequencing of 547 accessions provide\ninsights into the role of structural variation","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072910062644100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.024257","article-title":"Characterization\nof\ntocopherol cyclases from higher plants and cyanobacteria. Evolutionary\nimplications for tocopherol synthesis and function","volume":"132","author":"Sattler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072910062644100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-017-2869-5","article-title":"Fine mapping of a Phytophthora-resistance gene\nRpsWY in soybean (Glycine max L.) by high-throughput genome-wide sequencing","volume":"130","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072910062644100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx576","article-title":"LinkageMapView-rendering\nhigh-resolution linkage and QTL maps","volume":"34","author":"Ouellette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026072910062644100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15575","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115575","article-title":"Expression Patterns\nand Functional Analysis of Three SmTAT Genes Encoding Tyrosine Aminotransferases\nin Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072910062644100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.010","article-title":"TBtools-II: A \u201cone for all, all for\none\u201d bioinformatics platform for biological big-data mining","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072910062644100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.023","article-title":"Pan-Genome of Wild and Cultivated Soybeans","volume":"182","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072910062644100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05318-9","article-title":"geneHapR: an R package\nfor gene haplotypic statistics\nand visualization","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072910062644100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.021360","article-title":"Vitamin E is essential\nfor seed longevity and for preventing lipid peroxidation during germination","volume":"16","author":"Sattler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026072910062644100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093819","article-title":"Vitamin\nE regulatory mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Traber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. 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