{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:48:49Z","timestamp":1792590529080,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LD26C200001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LD26C200001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZCLQ24C2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZCLQ24C2001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025Z234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Z234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Visiting Researcher Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VR-2026-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR-2026-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside (C3R) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) show strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities with great potential for chronic disease prevention. However, C3R biosynthesis from (+)-catechin has not been reported, and C3G production from this substrate is low for industrial applications. Here, we constructed a microbial platform for the efficient C3R and C3G production via genetic engineering and metabolic optimization. We screened glucosyltransferases and rhamnosyltransferases from various plants to identify the optimal combinations for C3G and C3R biosynthesis. Tuning UDP-glucose and UDP-rhamnose balance by plasmid copy number increased the C3R concentration by 120%. Overexpression of MdtH and yadH improved extracellular C3R and C3G accumulation by 16% and 31%, respectively. After optimizing substrate and culture conditions, the engineered strains produced 529.01 mg\/L of C3R and 926.47 mg\/L of C3G, with C3R synthesis reported for the first time. This study underscores the key roles of glycosyltransferases and UDP-sugar modulation, providing a versatile strategy for producing other disaccharide- or rhamnose-containing natural products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c02514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:01:31Z","timestamp":1791799291000},"page":"32527-32537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Production of Cyanidin 3-\n                    <i>O<\/i>\n                    -Glucoside\nand Cyanidin 3-\n                    <i>O<\/i>\n                    -Rutinoside in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    via Metabolic Engineering and Process\nOptimization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianghua","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairiah M.","family":"Alwutayd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University , , ,","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 11671"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany A.","family":"El-Shemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cairo University , , ,","place":["Giza, Egypt, 12613"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-2437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory) , ,","place":["Xinchang, China, 312500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-023-01018-y","article-title":"The catalytic role of glutathione transferases in heterologous\nanthocyanin biosynthesis","volume":"6","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fyag027","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyag027","article-title":"Anthocyanins:\nstructural diversity, health function, and advances in microbial biosynthesis","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Quality Safety"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27590","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c04727","article-title":"Potential\nof anthocyanin-rich products to prevent and improve endothelial function\nand senescence: Focus on anthocyanins","volume":"72","author":"Auger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043829","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside\ncontributes to leaf color change by regulating\ntwo bHLH transcription factors in Phoebe bournei","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06849","article-title":"Untargeted\nlipidomics revealed the protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on bisphenol A-induced liver lipid metabolism\ndisorder in rats","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fyaf035","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyaf035","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside alleviates non-alcoholic\nfatty liver disease through modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Quality Safety"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109072519600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-021-02339-7","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-glucoside\nsuppresses the\nprogression of lung adenocarcinoma by downregulating TP53I3 and inhibiting\nPI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150344","article-title":"Recent advances\non cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in preventing obesity-related\nmetabolic disorders: A comprehensive review","volume":"729","author":"Oumeddour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109834","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-rutinoside from Mori Fructus ameliorates\ndyslipidemia via modulating gut microbiota and lipid metabolism pathway","volume":"137","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.4346","article-title":"Cyanidin\n3-rutinoside, an anthocyanin pigment of Schisandra chinensis Baill, inhibits allergic inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\nMed. Food"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111564","article-title":"Effects of power ultrasound\non stability of cyanidin-3-glucoside obtained from blueberry","volume":"21","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02823","article-title":"Multiple\ncomparisons of glucokinase activation mechanisms of five mulberry\nbioactive ingredients in hepatocyte","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.127","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-rutinoside reduces insulin\nfibrillation and attenuates insulin fibrils-induced oxidative hemolysis\nof human erythrocytes","volume":"113","author":"Saithong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11835-z","article-title":"Biosynthesis and\nregulation of anthocyanin pathway\ngenes","volume":"106","author":"Sunil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122815","article-title":"Research progress\non the extraction and purification of anthocyanins and their interaction\nwith proteins","volume":"29","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165182","article-title":"De novo biosynthesis of daptomycin\nthrough module\nconstruction and assembly in Escherichia coli","volume":"519","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2017.10.005","article-title":"Production of anthocyanins in metabolically engineered\nmicroorganisms: Current status and perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Zha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Synth. Syst. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9513","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03689","article-title":"Enhancing\nUDP-rhamnose\nsupply for rhamnosylation of flavonoids in Escherichia coli by regulating the modular pathway and improving\nNADPH availability","volume":"68","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25797","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100744200","article-title":"Reaction mechanism\nfrom leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction\nfor coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis","volume":"276","author":"Nakajima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\nBiol. Chem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3617-3623.2005","article-title":"Metabolic\nengineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli","volume":"71","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2018.06.004","article-title":"Colour bio-factories:\ntowards scale-up\nproduction of anthocyanins in plant cell cultures","volume":"48","author":"Appelhagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1021\/mp7001472","article-title":"Strain improvement\nof recombinant Escherichia coli for efficient production of plant flavonoids","volume":"5","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05720","article-title":"Efficient and economic utilization\nof cellobiose for glycosylation modification by regulating carbon\nsource supply and metabolic pathway in vivo","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026102109072519600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17842","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05264","article-title":"Enhancing\nglycosylation\nof flavonoids by engineering the uridine diphosphate glucose supply\nin Escherichia coli","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02079-23","article-title":"A major facilitator\nsuperfamily transporter MdtH in Escherichia coli is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and secretion","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01448-15","article-title":"Development of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain for overproduction of plant\npigment anthocyanin","volume":"81","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.107005","article-title":"Engineering Escherichia coli for high-efficiency biosynthesis\nof cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from (+)-Catechin","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04023-14","article-title":"Multigene editing in the Escherichia coli genome via the CRISPR-Cas9 system","volume":"81","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5c00094","article-title":"Sustainable\nproduction of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside by metabolic\nengineered Escherichia coli from catechin","volume":"14","author":"Zong","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1056-6","article-title":"Combinatorial\napproach for improved cyanidin 3-O-glucoside production\nin Escherichia coli","volume":"18","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27031047","article-title":"Oxidative\ntransformation of dihydroflavonols and flavan-3-ols\nby anthocyanidin synthase from Vitis vinifera","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2018.08.007","article-title":"Construction of a novel\nUDP-rhamnose regeneration system by a two-enzyme\nreaction system and application in glycosylation of flavonoid","volume":"139","author":"Pei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109072519600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12030","article-title":"The molecular\nand enzymatic basis of bitter\/non-bitter flavor of citrus fruit: Evolution\nof branch-forming rhamnosyltransferases under domestication","volume":"73","author":"Frydman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13324","article-title":"The Arabidopsis UDP-glycosyltransferases\nUGT79B2 and UGT79B3, contribute to cold, salt and drought stress tolerance\nvia modulating anthocyanin accumulation","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant\nJ."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13387","article-title":"Functional characterization\nof UDP-rhamnose-dependent rhamnosyltransferase involved in anthocyanin\nmodification, a key enzyme determining blue coloration in Lobelia erinus","volume":"89","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1994.5010081.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization\nof a cDNA clone corresponding\nto the Rt locus of Petunia hybrida","volume":"5","author":"Brugliera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2005.04.007","article-title":"cDNA cloning\nand characterization of UDP-glucose: Anthocyanidin\n3-O-glucosyltransferase in Iris hollandica","volume":"169","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21721","article-title":"High-yield\nanthocyanin biosynthesis in engineered Escherichia coli","volume":"100","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol.\nBioeng."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-022-02184-0","article-title":"Metabolic\nEngineering of Escherichia coli for direct production of vitamin C from D-Glucose","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131889","article-title":"High yield production\nof L-isoleucine through readjusting the ratio of two direct precursors\nin Escherichia coli","volume":"418","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109072519600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31422-0","article-title":"A plasmid system with tunable copy\nnumber","volume":"13","author":"Rouches","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361779","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1361779","article-title":"Anthocyanidins\nand\nanthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients,\nand the potential health benefits","volume":"61","author":"Khoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr.\nRes."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102109072519600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.10.004","article-title":"Mechanisms\nof RND multidrug efflux pumps","volume":"5","author":"Nikaido","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys.\nActa"},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2015.07.015","article-title":"Structure,\nmechanism and cooperation of bacterial multidrug transporters","volume":"33","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109072519600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0990-z","article-title":"Metabolic\nengineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for anthocyanin\nproduction","volume":"17","author":"Zha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25470","article-title":"Improving product\nyields on D-glucose\nin Escherichia coli via knockout of pgi and zwf and feeding of supplemental\ncarbon sources","volume":"112","author":"Shiue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24919","article-title":"Regiospecific modifications\nof naringenin for astragalin production in Escherichia coli","volume":"110","author":"Malla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201210018","article-title":"Importance of understanding\nthe main metabolic regulation\nin response to the specific pathway mutation for metabolic engineering\nof Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"2026102109072519600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2014.06.054","article-title":"Metabolic engineering\nof Escherichia coli strains for co-production\nof hydrogen and ethanol from glucose","volume":"39","author":"Seol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J.\nHydrogen Energy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c02514","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/41\/32527\/68817792\/acs.jafc.6c02514.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/41\/32527\/68817792\/acs.jafc.6c02514.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:24:57Z","timestamp":1792589097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/41\/32527\/5448878\/Efficient-Production-of-Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c02514","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]}}}