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Here, we report QM-CO, a quinoline-malononitrile-based, intramolecular charge-transfer-regulated turn-on fluorescent probe for imaging CO-associated changes in zebrafish and cotton roots. QM-CO exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity toward CO, with fluorescence reaching a plateau within 10 min, while the activated fluorophore displayed an aggregation-induced emission enhancement. Hemin stimulation increased fluorescence, whereas pharmacological inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 attenuated the response, providing bidirectional evidence for HO-1-related CO production. QM-CO further revealed concentration- and time-dependent fluorescence increases in cotton roots exposed to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, accompanied by pesticide-induced growth inhibition and visible phenotypic alterations, thereby linking molecular fluorescence changes to observable plant-level stress phenotypes. These findings establish QM-CO as a rapid and practical imaging platform for monitoring CO-associated responses and investigating insecticide-induced stress processes in agriculturally relevant plant tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c03416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1789110090000},"page":"29033-29044","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic Imaging\nof Carbon Monoxide in Cotton Roots\nunder Insecticide Stress Using a Quinoline-Malononitrile Derivative\nProbe"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Qifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430205"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruochen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430205"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430205"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430205"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0036-0594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Genyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430205"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1438-635X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. 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Plant\nSci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092310073797800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.125567","article-title":"The heme oxygenase\/carbon\nmonoxide system is involved in the auxin-induced cucumber adventitious\nrooting process","volume":"148","author":"Xuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern194","article-title":"Regulation\nof tomato lateral root development by carbon\nmonoxide and involvement in auxin and nitric oxide","volume":"59","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2008.00716.x","article-title":"Carbon monoxide-induced stomatal closure involves generation\nof hydrogen peroxide in Vicia faba guard cells","volume":"50","author":"She","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092310073797800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2006.00337.x","article-title":"Carbon monoxide\nalleviates wheat seed germination inhibition and counteracts lipid\nperoxidation mediated by salinity","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Integr.\nPlant Biol."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2014.01.012","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-independent endogenous\nproduction of carbon monoxide by soybean plants subjected to salt\nstress","volume":"102","author":"Zilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092310073797800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00808-7","article-title":"Species-independent\nanalytical tools for next-generation\nagriculture","volume":"6","author":"Lew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128388","article-title":"Physiological disruption,\nstructural deformation and low grain yield induced by neonicotinoid\ninsecticides in chickpea: A long term phytotoxicity investigation","volume":"262","author":"Shahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140111","article-title":"The pesticide thiamethoxam\ninduced toxicity in Brassica juncea and its detoxification by Pseudomonas\nputida through biochemical and molecular modifications","volume":"342","author":"Jan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026092310073797800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13499","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c04039","article-title":"Role of heme oxygenase-1 in dual\nstress response of herbicide and\nmicronutrient Fe in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\nAgric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22814","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c01992","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS and GC-MS\/MS cross-checking\nanalysis method\nfor 426 pesticide residues in agricultural products: A method validation\nand measurement of uncertainty","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food\nChem."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026092310073797800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10701","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c02335","article-title":"Recent advances in fluorescent probe\nfor detecting biorelevant analytes\nduring stress in plants","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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Acta, Part A"},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AY01034E","article-title":"Turn-on fluorescence\ndetection of carbon monoxide in plant tissues based on Cu2+-modulated polydihydroxyphenylalanine nanosensors","volume":"16","author":"Mu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.112509","article-title":"A novel mitochondria-targeted near-infrared fluorescent probe for\nin vivo detection of carbon monoxide during acute inflammation in\nmice","volume":"208","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. 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Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026092310073797800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8978","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01568","article-title":"Activatable\nphotoacoustic probe for in situ imaging of endogenous carbon monoxide\nin the murine inflammation model","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137401","article-title":"Ultra-large\nStokes-shifted NIR fluorescent probes for the diagnosis and treatment\nof rheumatoid arthritis via metal-free tracking of carbon monoxide","volume":"430","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124454","article-title":"Lighting up\ntrace carbon monoxide\nand residual palladium species by a low cytotoxic mitochondria targetable\nred fluorescent probe: Its large scaled applications","volume":"258","author":"Erdemir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092310073797800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AY01886E","article-title":"A long-wavelength mitochondria-targeted CO fluorescent\nprobe for living cells and zebrafish imaging","volume":"16","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092310073797800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad354","article-title":"In situ imaging\nof signaling molecule carbon monoxide in plants with a fluorescent\nprobe","volume":"193","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139135","article-title":"A turn-on near-infrared\nfluorescent probe for monitoring carbon monoxide in bacterial pneumonia\nand cadmium ion induced abiotic stress responses in plants","volume":"495","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.116961","article-title":"A versatile NIR fluorescent probe\nfor carbon monoxide imaging in\nmultiple biological systems","volume":"221","author":"Tang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092310073797800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-026-08038-y","article-title":"Unlocking\nthe dual\nroles of carbon monoxide by a rapid fluorescent probe: from monitoring\npneumonia therapy in animals to cadmium resistance in plants","volume":"193","author":"Zhai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092310073797800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202216109","article-title":"J-aggregates formed\nby NaCl treatment of aza-coating\nheptamethine cyanines and their application to monitoring salt stress\nof plants and promoting photothermal therapy of tumors","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092310073797800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70003","article-title":"The rational design of a rhodamine fluorescent probe enables the\nselective detection and bioimaging of salicylic acid in plants under\nabiotic stress","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092310073797800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70202","article-title":"Hypoxia-activated\nfluorescent\nprobes as markers of oxygen levels in plant cells and tissues","volume":"247","author":"Perri","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310073797800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60182-w","article-title":"Machine learning-powered\nactivatable NIR-II fluorescent nanosensor for in vivo monitoring of\nplant stress responses","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092310073797800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01447-4","article-title":"Next-generation ABACUS biosensors\nreveal cellular ABA\ndynamics driving root growth at low aerial humidity","volume":"9","author":"Rowe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Int.\nEd."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310073797800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aac.2023.09.002","article-title":"Fluorescent probes\nfor imaging and detection of plant hormones and\ntheir receptors","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Agrochem."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216550","article-title":"Amphiphilic\nquinoline-malononitrile AIE probes: From molecule design to bio-applications","volume":"533","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092310073797800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01392-x","article-title":"Multiplex imaging of amyloid-\u03b2\nplaques dynamics in living brains with quinoline-malononitrile-based\nprobes","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026092310073797800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6263","DOI":"10.1039\/D3OB00444A","article-title":"The emergence and advancement\nof Tsuji-Trost reaction triggered carbon monoxide recognition and\nbioimaging","volume":"21","author":"Biswas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121419","article-title":"Assessing pesticide residues occurrence and risks in\nwater systems: A Pan-European and Argentina perspective","volume":"254","author":"Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112673","article-title":"Fate and ecological\nrisks of current-use\npesticides in seawater and sediment of the Yellow Sea and East China\nSea","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2025.109307","article-title":"Increasing exposure\nof cotton growing areas to compound drought and heat events in a warming\nclimate","volume":"308","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092310073797800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2016","article-title":"Heme Oxygenases\nin\nCardiovascular Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Ayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol.\nRev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092310073797800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20424","article-title":"Leaf carbon monoxide\nemissions under different drought, heat, and light conditions in the\nfield","volume":"245","author":"Muller","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118634","article-title":"Advances in the metabolism and phytoremediation\nof pesticides in horticultural plants","volume":"302","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol.\nEnviron. Saf."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026092310073797800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21247","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c05713","article-title":"Impact of Pesticide Abiotic Stresses\non Plant Secondary Metabolism: From Plant Individuals to Ecological\nInterfaces","volume":"73","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073797800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.08.011","article-title":"The role of carbon\nmonoxide signaling in the responses of plants\nto abiotic stresses","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310073797800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30619-7","article-title":"Exogenous hemin alleviates\nNaCl stress by promoting photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in rice\nseedlings","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c03416","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/37\/29033\/68479813\/acs.jafc.6c03416.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/37\/29033\/68479813\/acs.jafc.6c03416.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:43:51Z","timestamp":1790178231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/37\/29033\/5428138\/Dynamic-Imaging-of-Carbon-Monoxide-in-Cotton-Roots"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c03416","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}