{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:07:26Z","timestamp":1789567646474,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82274040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project at Central Government Level","award":["2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2060302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the primary bioactive polyhydroxy alkaloid responsible for the antidiabetic properties of mulberry leaves. While the upstream biosynthesis is characterized, the downstream hydroxylation logic and transient intermediates remain elusive. Here, we combined stable isotope tracing with in vivo and in vitro enzymatic assays to delineate this hydroxylation sequence. Stable isotope feeding experiments identified piperidine as a key precursor and pinpointed C-7 as a critical secondary hydroxylation site. We demonstrated that (2R,4R)-2-methylpiperidine-4-ol (2) and (2S,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-4-ol (4) are successive intermediates of the first two steps, occurring via sequential C-4 and C-7 hydroxylation. Furthermore, using mulberry leaf crude enzyme and recombinant C-5 hydroxylase, we deduced that 4 is subsequently converted to fagomine (FGM) via an endogenous C-3 hydroxylation activity, followed by C-5 modification to yield DNJ. Collectively, this study clarifies the sequential logic of the downstream hydroxylation (C-4\u2192C-7\u2192C-3\u2192C-5), providing a foundational framework for the rational engineering and heterologous biosynthesis of DNJ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c03778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:17:23Z","timestamp":1785849443000},"page":"28558-28569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elucidation of\nthe Hydroxylation Sequence in 1-DNJ\nBiosynthesis through Stable Isotope Tracing and Enzymatic Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jiahe","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingqiong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2148-7917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qishuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100700"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1327-4428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100700"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-9809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhen","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]},{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4208","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010567e","article-title":"Polyhydroxylated alkaloids isolated from mulberry trees\n(Morus alba L.) and silkworms (Bombyx mori L.)","volume":"49","author":"Asano","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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Nutr."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157150","article-title":"Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids enhance pancreatic \u03b2-Cell\nmaturation and function by targeting the CD81\/endoplasmic reticulum\nstress pathway","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO04954C","article-title":"1-Deoxynojirimycin:\nA comprehensive\nreview of sources, biosynthesis pathways, strategies to enhance its\nproduction, and anti-diabetic activities","volume":"16","author":"Mehmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food\nFunct."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10191-9","article-title":"An overview of the\nbiological production of 1-deoxynojirimycin: Current status and future\nperspective","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.09.006","article-title":"Synthetic\nbiology for natural product drug production\nand engineering","volume":"58","author":"Romanowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-022-00205-2","article-title":"Biosynthesis of\ncatharanthine in\nengineered Pichia pastoris","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-03901-7","article-title":"Screening, cloning and functional characterization\nof key methyltransferase genes involved in the methylation step of\n1-deoxynojirimycin alkaloids biosynthesis in mulberry leaves","volume":"255","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136941","article-title":"Mining and characterization of a novel cytochrome P450\nMaCYP71BG22 involved in the C4-stereoselective hydroxylation of 1-deoxynojirimycin\nbiosynthesis in mulberry leaves","volume":"282","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol.\nMacromol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106177","article-title":"A CYP450 monooxygenase\nMaCYP82C169 discovered from\nmulberry leaves catalyzes the methyl oxidation reaction in 1-deoxynojirimycin\nbiosynthesis","volume":"66","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20250607.102","article-title":"Cloning and functional\nstudy of MaCYP71BE347, a key\nenzyme for C-5 hydroxylation of DNJ polyhydroxy alkaloids in mulberry\nleaves","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. 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Biol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01458-2","article-title":"Enhanced production\nof taxadiene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"19","author":"Nowrouzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c03932","article-title":"In Vivo Functional Verification of\nFour Related Genes Involved in the 1-Deoxynojirimycin Biosynthetic\nPathway in Mulberry Leaves","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13790","article-title":"Cytochrome\nP450 promiscuity leads to a bifurcating biosynthetic pathway for tanshinones","volume":"210","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13667","article-title":"Tandem mass tag-based proteomic analysis\nof endoplasmic reticulum proteins in mulberry leaves under ultraviolet-B\nand dark stress","volume":"174","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04815-0","article-title":"Mining and functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome\nP450 reductases of the DNJ biosynthetic pathway in mulberry leaves","volume":"24","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"kiaf567","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf567","article-title":"An HDG11-mediated\ntranscriptional network regulates 1-deoxynojirimycin biosynthesis\nin mulberry","volume":"199","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c05975","article-title":"Metabolic\nEngineering of Escherichia coli for De Novo Biosynthesis\nof the Platform Chemical Pelletierine","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable\nChem. Eng."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129701","article-title":"L-lysine production\nby systems metabolic engineering of an NADPH auto-regulated Corynebacterium glutamicum","volume":"387","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.10.016","article-title":"Synthetic biology identifies the\nminimal gene set required\nfor paclitaxel biosynthesis in a plant chassis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2024.08.005","article-title":"A novel step towards\nthe heterologous biosynthesis of paclitaxel: Characterization of T1\u03b2OH\ntaxane hydroxylase","volume":"85","author":"Escrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45574-8","article-title":"Reconstitution\nof early paclitaxel biosynthetic network","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026091609100833000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23001","article-title":"Total biosynthesis of\nthe cyclic AMP booster forskolin from Coleus forskohlii","volume":"6","author":"Pateraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c03778","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/36\/28558\/66330448\/acs.jafc.6c03778.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/36\/28558\/66330448\/acs.jafc.6c03778.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:29:47Z","timestamp":1789565387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/36\/28558\/5236746\/Elucidation-of-the-Hydroxylation-Sequence-in-1-DNJ"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c03778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}