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The resistant population exhibited 27.5-fold resistance to PQ. Although leaf absorption of 14C-PQ was similar to that in susceptible plants, translocation from treated leaves was significantly lower in resistant plants (3.6% vs 18.8%). Cellular fractionation showed reduced PQ accumulation in chloroplasts but increased levels in the cytosol\/vacuole fraction. Following PQ treatment, photosynthetic parameters initially declined but later recovered in the resistant population, which also displayed higher glutathione peroxidase activity. RNA-seq analysis further revealed that two vacuolar transport-related genes, VPS26A and VPS32.2, were overexpressed in resistant plants regardless of PQ treatment. Importantly, transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing these genes exhibited resistance to the field rate of PQ. Together, these findings suggest that vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms, along with enhanced antioxidant activity, contribute to PQ resistance in E. indica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:02:27Z","timestamp":1788469347000},"page":"28200-28211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vacuolar Protein\nSorting Genes Contribute to Paraquat\nResistance in\n                    <i>Eleusine indica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Taijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, PR China, 510640"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zejing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, PR China, 510640"]},{"name":"Huazhong Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, PR China, 430070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heping","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Australia , , , ,","place":["Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, PR China, 510640"]},{"name":"Huazhong Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, PR China, 430070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, PR China, 510640"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6379-9444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Australia , , , ,","place":["Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4260-186X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, PR China, 510640"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026091609094038100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500073227","article-title":"Interactions of herbicides with photosynthetic electron\ntransport","volume":"39","author":"Fuerst","year":"1991","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091609094038100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(73)90121-7","article-title":"Bipyridylium quaternary\nsalts and related compounds. 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Plant Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091609094038100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.100.2.630","article-title":"On the\nmechanism of resistance to\nparaquat in Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum: delayed inhibition of photosynthetic O2 evolution after\nparaquat application","volume":"100","author":"Preston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091609094038100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203645","article-title":"The mechanism of resistance to paraquat\nis strongly temperature dependent in resistant Hordeum leporinum Link and H. glaucum Steud","volume":"196","author":"Purba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Planta"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091609094038100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.2005.00454.x","article-title":"Differential translocation of paraquat\nin paraquat-resistant\npopulations of Hordeum leporinum","volume":"45","author":"Preston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091609094038100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-3575(03)00069-5","article-title":"Reduced paraquat translocation\nin paraquat resistant Arctotheca calendula (L.) 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