{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:22Z","timestamp":1792784662436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515012315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students? Scientific and Technological Innovation","award":["spdjh2023b0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["spdjh2023b0088"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Program key projects","award":["2024A04J6510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J6510"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32572495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572495"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) requires therapeutic strategies that concurrently restore epithelial barrier integrity and suppress mucosal inflammation. Here, we developed a colon-targeted microparticle MC(6G+PIP) to synchronize the delivery of 6-gingerol (6G) and piperine (PIP). Nanostructured lipid carriers were coated with chitosan and konjac glucomannan to form microspheres (\u223c10.5 \u03bcm) with encapsulation efficiencies exceeding 90%. MC(6G+PIP) prevented premature release in gastric and intestinal fluids (&amp;lt;15%), while enabling sustained colonic release of 6G (82.91%) and PIP (81.64%). In DSS-induced colitis mice, MC(6G+PIP) accelerated body weight recovery (1.9-fold), reduced disease activity (2.62-fold), and lowered intestinal permeability by \u223c50% as compared to MC(6G). Mechanistically, codelivery was associated with increased tryptophan-derived indole metabolites (1.66- and 3.28-fold vs MC(6G) and MC(PIP), respectively) and activation of the AhR-Cyp1a1 axis, contributing to improved epithelial repair and reduced inflammation. These findings highlighted a novel approach that combines targeted delivery with microbiota modulation for effective UC therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:27:22Z","timestamp":1788406042000},"page":"29211-29223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Colon-Targeted\nCodelivery of 6-Gingerol and\nPiperine Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis via the Indole-AhR Axis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Wenni","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]},{"name":"Shaoguan University , , , ,","place":["Shaoguan, Guangdong, China, 512000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyu","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yile","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruimin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoguan University , , , ,","place":["Shaoguan, Guangdong, China, 512000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4718-1174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026092310083593500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07568","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by modulating inflammatory responses,\nintestinal barrier, and microbiome","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092310083593500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146006","article-title":"Regulation of Gut Microbiota by Ginger,\nIts Derived Polysaccharides,\nEssential Oils, Gingerols, and Shogaols and Related Health Outcomes","volume":"493","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026092310083593500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14864","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06417","article-title":"Fucoidan ameliorated\ndextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by modulating gut\nmicrobiota and bile acid metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092310083593500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00774-3","article-title":"The Appendix and Ulcerative Colitis\n- an Unsolved Connection","volume":"20","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol\nHepatol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026092310083593500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7710","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c00830","article-title":"Urolithin A alleviates colitis in mice by improving gut microbiota\ndysbiosis, modulating microbial tryptophan metabolism, and triggering\nAhR activation","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026092310083593500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21000","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c04933","article-title":"Kynurenine\nAttenuates Ulcerative Colitis Mediated by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310083593500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2377576","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolite\nindole-3-acetic acid maintains intestinal\nepithelial homeostasis through mucin sulfation","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biotherapeutic\nPotential of Gut Microbiota-Derived Indole-3-Acetic Acid","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026092310083593500_cit9","first-page":"9236","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus\nplantarum-derived indole-3-lactic acid ameliorates intestinal barrier\nintegrity through the AhR\/Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB Axis","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092310083593500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10172","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c02749","article-title":"Chronic Exposure to\nFluxapyroxad Exacerbated Susceptibility to Colitis in Mice via a Gut\nMicrobiota-Indole Derivatives-Th17\/Treg Cell Balance Axis","volume":"73","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026092310083593500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9674","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c03150","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of\nGingerols, shogaols, and their metabolites in\nasthma patients","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125282","article-title":"Homogalacturonan enriched\npectin based hydrogel enhances 6-gingerol\u2019s colitis alleviation\neffect via NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 axis","volume":"245","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol.\nMacromol."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.06.058","article-title":"Intervention effects of delivery vehicles on the therapeutic\nefficacy of 6-gingerol on colitis","volume":"349","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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Food Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026092310083593500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11192990","article-title":"Piperine derived from\nPiper nigrum L. inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory through the MAPK\nand NF-\u03baB signalling pathways in RAW264. 7 Cells","volume":"11","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092310083593500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v13i4.5781","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Piperine as a Bioavailability Enhancer","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Ther."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106161","article-title":"Egg white-derived\npeptides co-assembly-reinforced zein\/chondroitin sulfate nanoparticles\nfor orally colon-targeted co-delivery of quercetin in colitis mitigation","volume":"65","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092310083593500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00852","article-title":"Microencapsulation\nof Bifidobacterium Lactis and Lactobacillus Plantarum within a Novel Polysaccharide-Based Core-Shell\nFormulation: Improving Probiotic Viability and Mucoadhesion","volume":"10","author":"Schofield","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092310083593500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202102487","article-title":"Biopolymer-based multilayer\nmicroparticles for probiotic delivery to colon","volume":"11","author":"Talebian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.041","article-title":"Intervention effects of multilayer core-shell particles\non colitis amelioration mechanisms of capsaicin","volume":"351","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092310083593500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08444","article-title":"Rosmarinic\nacid restores colonic mucus secretion in colitis mice by regulating\ngut microbiota-derived metabolites and the activation of inflammasomes","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2022.107753","article-title":"Effects of gelation\non the stability, tribological properties and\ntime-delayed release profile of double emulsions","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156352","article-title":"Gingerols:\nPreparation,\nencapsulation, and bioactivities focusing gut microbiome modulation\nand attenuation of disease symptoms","volume":"136","author":"Abdullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102602","article-title":"Engineering mucus-penetrating and enzyme-responsive\nnanostructured carriers for precision targeting of curcumin\u2019s\npharmacokinetics and colitis-alleviating pathways","volume":"61","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092310083593500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.15389","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis in Adults: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Gros","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310083593500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02045-4","article-title":"Oral hydrogel nanoemulsion\nco-delivery system treats inflammatory bowel disease via anti-inflammatory\nand promoting intestinal mucosa repair","volume":"21","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v053a01","article-title":"Matrine nanoparticles improve functional\nconstipation and associated depressive behavioral disorders by modulating\nthe gut-brain axis","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157681","article-title":"Astilbin inhibits intestinal\npolyps via modulating the intestinal\nbarrier, gut microbiota, and the intestinal inflammatory environment\nin mice","volume":"150","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092310083593500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8491","article-title":"Piperine Improves\nDSS-Induced Colitis in Mice via Inhibition of Inflammation and Modulation\nof Gut Microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092310083593500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21752","article-title":"Metabolites\nof microbiota response to tryptophan and intestinal mucosal immunity:\nA therapeutic target to control intestinal inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903526","article-title":"Dual Role of Indoles Derived From Intestinal Microbiota\non Human Health","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310083593500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.007","article-title":"Aryl Hydrocarbon\nReceptor-Induced Signals Up-regulate IL-22 Production and Inhibit\nInflammation in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"141","author":"Monteleone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026092310083593500_cit37","article-title":"Enhancing immunotherapy\nin colorectal cancer by immune-modulatory and lipid-metabolism reprogramming\nwith host-guest co-delivery nanoplatform","volume":"527","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026092310083593500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193380","article-title":"Tryptophan\nmetabolism disorder-triggered diseases, mechanisms, and therapeutic\nstrategies: a scientometric review","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092310083593500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01088-4","article-title":"The Role of\nthe AHR in Host-Pathogen Interactions","volume":"25","author":"Barreira-Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/37\/29211\/68001225\/acs.jafc.6c04431.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/37\/29211\/68001225\/acs.jafc.6c04431.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:49:48Z","timestamp":1790174988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/37\/29211\/5385490\/Colon-Targeted-Codelivery-of-6-Gingerol-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04431","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}