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Previous studies failed to identify female pheromone components attractive to males in the field. Re-examination of female extracts by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC\u2013EAD) revealed a single active compound, identified by GC\u2013MS as octyl 3-(butanoyloxy)butanoate (III). Enantioselective analysis showed females produce both (3R)-and (3S)-enantiomers. Two related but EAD-inactive compounds, hexyl (3R)-3-(butanoyloxy)butanoate (II) and octyl butanoate (I) were identified. Both enantiomers of (III) were EAD-active, but individually induced minimal male orientation, whereas blends triggered strong orientated flight and contact. Field trials confirmed that 2:1 or 1:1 blends of (3R)- and (3S)-(III) captured significantly more males than single enantiomers. Adding (I) had no effect, while (II) may increase catches. These findings provide a chemically defined, field-validated basis for monitoring and managing this important pest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:26:49Z","timestamp":1787070409000},"page":"25950-25959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification, Synthesis, Behavioral Activity, and\nField Assessment of Components of the Female-Produced Sex Pheromone\nof\n                    <i>Helopeltis theivora<\/i>\n                    (Hemiptera:\nMiridae), a Devastating Pest of Tea"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3721-5761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fida Hussain","family":"Magsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310008"]},{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongxiu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-9139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunli","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amees","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-0113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zongmao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greenwich , , Chatham Maritime , ,","place":["Kent, United Kingdom, ME4 4TB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2015.1030002","article-title":"The tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae):\nits status, biology, ecology and management in tea plantations","volume":"61","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit18","unstructured":"Padi, B.; Odour, G.; Hall, D.\n          Development of Mycoinsecticides\nand Pheromones\nfor Cocoa Mirids in Ghana, Final Technical Report; Natural Resource Institute; Department for International Development,: United Kingdom; 200258."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit19","unstructured":"Gemeno, C.; Hall, D.; Guerrero, A.; Riba, M.; Cabrerizo, A.; Alomar, O.; Castan\u0303e\u0301, C.\n          Potential Sex Pheromone Components\nof the Plant Bug Macrolophus caliginosus; 22nd Annual Meeting\nof ISCE, International Society of Chemical Ecology; ISCE: Barcelona, Spain, 2006."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16030307","article-title":"Field evaluation of\nsynthetic components of the sex pheromone of\nthe tea pest Helopeltis cinchonae Mann\n(Hemiptera: Miridae)","volume":"16","author":"Magsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-021-01270-1","article-title":"Hero Turned\nVillain: Identification\nof components of the sex pheromone of the tomato bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis","volume":"47","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Appl."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit27","first-page":"25","article-title":"Attraction\nof Helopeltis theobromae\nto live conspecific insects","volume":"87","author":"Virdiana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planters\u2019"},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-37.6.1416","article-title":"Behavioral\nand electroantennographic responses of the tea mosquito, Helopeltis theivora, to female sex pheromones","volume":"37","author":"Sachin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300032041","article-title":"The Oriental\nspecies of Helopeltis (Heteroptera: Miridae): a review\nof economic literature and guide to identification","volume":"81","author":"Stonedahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit30","unstructured":"Sudhakaran, R.\n          \n          Studies\non the tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora waterhouse (Hemiptera: miridae) infesting tea in Southern India, Ph.D. Thesis; Bharathiar University: Coimbatore, India, 2000."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-019-01059-3","article-title":"A practical\ntechnique for electrophysiologically\nrecording from lamellated antenna of scarab beetle","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit32","first-page":"5","article-title":"Pheromone traps\u2500an efficient\ntool for the management\nof tea mosquito bug in tea","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Chron."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022987901330","article-title":"Volatile compounds\nreleased by disturbed and calm adults of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris","volume":"29","author":"Wardle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem.\nEcol."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.112849","article-title":"Profiling volatile compounds in fresh\nleaves of 22 major oolong tea germplasm cultivated in Fujian of China","volume":"327","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2229-y","article-title":"Oolong tea made from tea plants from\ndifferent locations in Yunnan\nand Fujian, China showed similar aroma but different taste characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcac117","article-title":"Green leaf\nvolatiles\u2500the forefront of plant\nresponses against biotic attack","volume":"63","author":"Matsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell\nPhysiol."},{"key":"2026090104465479600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(03)00047-X","article-title":"Optimising pheromone\nlures and trapping methodology for Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)","volume":"40","author":"Hodges","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Stored\nProd. 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Entomol.\nZool."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/33\/25950\/66837551\/acs.jafc.6c04433.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/33\/25950\/66837551\/acs.jafc.6c04433.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:47:13Z","timestamp":1788252433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/33\/25950\/5274722\/Identification-Synthesis-Behavioral-Activity-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04433","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}