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Although their toxicity is increasingly reported, the role of stress mitigators in reducing MNPs-induced toxicity in soil\u2013plant systems remains insufficiently summarized. This review evaluates current research on mitigation strategies, including nanoparticles, phytohormones, biochar, chemicals, nutrients, plant growth-promoting bacteria and rhizobacteria, fungi, and signaling molecules. Evidence shows that these mitigators can reduce MNPs-induced stress by improving rhizosphere microbial communities, increasing plant growth and photosynthetic efficiency, and regulating biochemical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses. In addition, important tolerance pathways and mechanisms influenced by these mitigators are also discussed. The review highlights major knowledge gaps in existing studies and proposes future research directions. Overall, it provides a concise framework to guide the development of effective mitigation approaches to address MNPs contamination and improve sustainable crop production under emerging environmental stress conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:02:07Z","timestamp":1786377727000},"page":"24796-24819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of Plant Growth\nRegulators and Biological, Chemical,\nNutrient, and Nanomaterial-Based Approaches in Mitigating Micro- and\nNanoplastic Stress in Agroecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Wardah","family":"Azhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]},{"name":"Taizhou University , , ,","place":["Taizhou, People\u2019s Republic of China, 318000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Raza","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-0966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdul","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-8494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Babar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3639-6126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]},{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-1150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guanlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]},{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Suzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China, 215009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daolin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]},{"name":"Jingjiang College, Jiangsu University , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, People\u2019s Republic of China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8244-0461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taizhou University , , ,","place":["Taizhou, People\u2019s Republic of China, 318000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10049","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02273","article-title":"Global riverine plastic outflows","volume":"54","author":"Mai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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Pollut."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121167","article-title":"Polyethylene\nmicroplastic-induced\nmicrobial shifts affected greenhouse gas emissions during litter decomposition\nin coastal wetland sediments","volume":"251","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.058","article-title":"Marine litter and microplastic pollution\non mangrove soils of the Cie\u0301naga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombian\nCaribbean","volume":"145","author":"Garce\u0301s-Ordo\u0301n\u0303ez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00886-4","article-title":"Nanoplastics are neither\nmicroplastics nor engineered nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Gigault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.037","article-title":"Polyester-derived\nmicrofibre impacts\non the soil-dwelling earthworm Lumbricus terrestris","volume":"251","author":"Prendergast-Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121620","article-title":"Impact of\npolystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on seed\ngermination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"385","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126700","article-title":"Uptake and\ntranslocation\nof nano\/microplastics by rice seedlings: Evidence from a hydroponic\nexperiment","volume":"421","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c09161","article-title":"Natural Aging Intensifies Microplastic Phytotoxicity\nin Brassica chinensis","volume":"73","author":"Zeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c11305","article-title":"Multiomics Insights\ninto the Ecotoxicological Effects of Soil Microplastics on Crop Plants","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04838","article-title":"Nanoenabled enhancement of plant tolerance\nto heat and drought stress\non molecular response","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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Environ.\nSaf."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02537-x","article-title":"Titanium dioxide\nnanoparticles alleviates\npolystyrene nanoplastics induced growth inhibition by modulating carbon\nand nitrogen metabolism via melatonin signaling in maize","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123242","article-title":"A review of\nrecent advancements in utilization of biomass and industrial wastes\ninto engineered biochar","volume":"400","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112855","article-title":"Effects of compound biochar substrate\ncoupled with water and nitrogen\non the growth of cucumber plug seedlings","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00146-1","article-title":"Biochar for the removal of contaminants\nfrom soil and water: a review","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00198-3","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization,\nsafety\ndesign, and application of NPs@BC for contaminated soil remediation\nand sustainable agriculture","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.01.022","article-title":"Effects of biochar on the phytotoxicity\nof polyvinyl chloride microplastics","volume":"195","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Physiol.\nBiochem."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124964","article-title":"Feasibility assessment of biochar\namendment for mitigating phytotoxicity of polyvinyl chloride micro\/nano-plastics:\nA study based on lettuce pot experiments","volume":"362","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115439","article-title":"Plant growth-promoting\nbacteria modulate gene expression and induce antioxidant tolerance\nto alleviate synergistic toxicity from combined microplastic and Cd\npollution in sorghum","volume":"264","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit41","volume-title":"Mycorrhizal Symbiosis","author":"Smith","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15898\/j.cnki.11-2131\/td.201807110083","article-title":"The role of\narbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in heavy metal translocation, transformation\nand accumulation in the soil-plant continuum: Underlying mechanisms\nand ecological implications","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Miner. Anal."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6258","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07850","article-title":"Arbuscular\nMycorrhizal Fungus Alleviates Charged Nanoplastic Stress in Host Plants\nvia Enhanced Defense-Related Gene Expressions and Hyphal Capture","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2024.100631","article-title":"Mitigation of microplastic toxicity in soybean by synthetic bacterial\ncommunity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interaction: Altering carbohydrate\nmetabolism, hormonal transduction, and genes associated with lipid\nand protein metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Asad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.02.013","article-title":"Distribution\nand importance of microplastics\nin the marine environment: a review of the sources, fate, effects,\nand potential solutions","volume":"102","author":"Auta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.001","article-title":"Microplastics in the\nmarine environment: Current trends\nin environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile","volume":"68","author":"Alimba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30820","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18268-7","article-title":"Occurrence, impact,\ntoxicity, and\ndegradation methods of microplastics in environment\u2500a review","volume":"29","author":"Kasmuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106160","article-title":"Engineered nanoparticles\nfor removal of pollutants from wastewater: Current status and future\nprospects of nanotechnology for remediation strategies","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010026","article-title":"Application\nof nanoparticles alleviates heavy metals stress and promotes plant\ngrowth: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026081910162248700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12761","article-title":"Melatonin reduces nanoplastic uptake,\ntranslocation, and toxicity in wheat","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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