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Here, we report a nanofungicide (Flu@DMSNs-NH2@CMC-Bet, FDCB) to promote mitochondrial accumulation, in which fluxapyroxad (Flu) is encapsulated in amino-functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with a carboxymethyl chitosan-betaine (CMC-Bet) shell. FDCB exhibited potent antifungal activity against Curvularia lunata, maintaining 92% inhibition at 0.5 mg\u00b7L\u20131 on day 5 and providing superior control of corn leaf spot than the Flu suspension concentrate (81.1% vs. 46.2%). Fluorescence colocalization analysis revealed preferential accumulation of FDCB in pathogen mitochondria. Compared with Flu alone, FDCB more effectively inhibited succinate dehydrogenase activity, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced adenosine triphosphate production, and impaired mitochondrial function. Moreover, FDCB exhibited no detectable phytotoxicity toward corn seedlings and reduced acute toxicity in zebrafish. These findings demonstrate the potential of modified betaine as a quaternary ammonium-based ligand for enhancing mitochondrial accumulation and improving SDHI fungicide performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:01:40Z","timestamp":1789444900000},"page":"29045-29057","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modified Betaine\nas a Mitochondria-Accumulating Ligand\nfor Improving the Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicide Performance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Shibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-0704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiakai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9263-5913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-2869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Manoa , , ,","place":["Honolulu, United States, 96822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-2061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Risong","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-941X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingnan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"2026092310083972300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8906","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c00997","article-title":"Recent advances in stimulus-responsive nanocarriers for pesticide\ndelivery","volume":"72","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026092310083972300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18188","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c07904","article-title":"Laccase-responsive\nbiobased nanocarriers from lignin\/chitosan for enhanced foliar adhesion\nand targeted pesticide delivery","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain.\nChem. Eng."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026092310083972300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08606","article-title":"Rational exploration\nof novel SDHI fungicide through an amide-\u03b2-ketonitrile\nbioisosteric replacement strategy","volume":"71","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092310083972300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-12-19-2564-RE","article-title":"Activity of the novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor\nfungicide\npydiflumetofen against SDHI-sensitive and SDHI-resistant isolates\nof Botrytis cinerea and efficacy against gray mold","volume":"104","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"2026092310083972300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.06.002","article-title":"Neurotoxicity\nassessment of QoI strobilurin fungicides azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin\nin human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: Insights from lipidomics and\nmitochondrial bioenergetics","volume":"91","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310083972300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02849-y","article-title":"\u03b2-cyclodextrin-optimized supramolecular\nnanovesicles enhance the droplet\/foliage interface interactions and\ninhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) for efficient treatment\nof fungal diseases","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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Res."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092310083972300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8483","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00368G","article-title":"pH-independent charge-reversal strategy\nfor enhanced tumor penetration\nbased on hyaluronidase-responsive tellurium-containing polycarbonate\nnanocarriers","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026092310083972300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401061","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401061","article-title":"An active\nself-mitochondria-targeting cyanine immunomodulator\nfor near-infrared II fluorescence imaging-guided synergistic photodynamic\nimmunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. 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Macromol."},{"key":"2026092310083972300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.11.009","article-title":"pH and NIR\nresponsive polydopamine-doped dendritic silica carriers for pesticide\ndelivery","volume":"632","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026092310083972300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146012","article-title":"A novel dual\nstimuli-responsive and double-loaded insecticidal\nnanoformulation for efficient control of insect pest","volume":"474","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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