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Although humic acid (HA) is widely used to improve crop productivity, its effectiveness is often limited by poor dispersibility and bioavailability. Herein, nanohumic acid (NHA) with improved dispersibility was synthesized, and its effects on maize yield and underlying mechanisms were evaluated. The results showed that NHA significantly promoted maize growth and increased yield, with the highest yield under NHA15 (15 mg\/kg; 31.8 g\/plant), exceeding HA15 (12.8 g\/plant) and CK (6.8 g\/plant). Maize yield responded to NHA were concentration-dependent, showing stimulation at low doses but inhibition at high doses. NHA also enriched bacterial taxa associated with plant growth and nutrient availability and upregulated grain tryptophan metabolism, increasing IAA contents by 35.1% and 108.3% relative to CK and HA, respectively. These findings support the application of NHA for maize yield improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c04725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T07:02:29Z","timestamp":1786345349000},"page":"25272-25286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanohumic Acid Enhances Maize Yield by Modulating\nSoil Bacterial Communities and Grain Tryptophan Metabolism: A Novel\nPlant Biostimulant"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College , , , ,","place":["Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China, 363105"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Environment Technology Co., Ltd , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 310013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College , , , ,","place":["Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China, 363105"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenghu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinchuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5446-8069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8813-5182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6597-5798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yangzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit1","volume-title":"The State\nof the World\u2019s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture\n(SOLAW 2025): The Potential to Produce More and Better","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00429-z","article-title":"Global maps\nof cropland extent and\nchange show accelerated cropland expansion in the twenty-first century","volume":"3","author":"Potapov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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Plant\nSci."},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/978-2-88963-558-0","volume-title":"Biostimulants in Agriculture","author":"Rouphael","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.09.013","article-title":"Humic and fulvic acids as biostimulants\nin horticulture","volume":"196","author":"Canellas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientia Horticulturae"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081910164354000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11123273","article-title":"Evaluation of Cyperus\nFertility Improvement in Aeolian Soils from an Application of Humic\nAcid Combined with Compound Fertilizer","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107447","article-title":"Humic acid modulates growth, photosynthesis, hormone\nand osmolytes system of maize under drought conditions","volume":"263","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agricultural Water Management"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119738","article-title":"Effect of humic substances on nitrogen\ncycling in soil-plant ecosystems:\nAdvances, issues, and future perspectives","volume":"351","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.\nEnviron. Manage."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081910164354000_cit11","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Remote and\nlocal monitoring of dissolved and suspended fluorescent organic matter\noff the Svalbard","volume":"12","author":"Cisek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06615","article-title":"Nano-Biotechnology\nin Agriculture: Use of Nanomaterials to Promote Plant Growth and Stress\nTolerance","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081910164354000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0439-5","article-title":"Nano-enabled strategies to enhance\ncrop nutrition and protection","volume":"14","author":"Kah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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Soil Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081910164354000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12860","article-title":"Evaluation of zincated\nnanoclay polymer composite in\nreleasing Zn and P and effect on soil enzyme activities in a wheat\nrhizosphere","volume":"70","author":"Mandal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081910164354000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.19026\/ajfst.5.3278","article-title":"Effects\nof Incorporation of Nano-carbon into Slow-released Fertilizer on Rice\nYield and Nitrogen Loss in Surface Water of Paddy Soil","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advance Journal of Food Science & Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081910164354000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-025-01593-3","article-title":"Relevance\nof cross talk between root exudates, hormones, and root-associated\nmicrobes in developing sustainable phytoremediation strategies: a\ncomprehensive review","volume":"31","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081799","article-title":"The Role of\nPlant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Soil Restoration: A Strategy to\nPromote Agricultural Sustainability","volume":"13","author":"Plascencia-Espinosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081910164354000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13243533","article-title":"Michael. Synthesis\nand Degradation of the Phytohormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid by the Versatile\nBacterium Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 and Its Growth Promotion\nof Nicotiana tabacum Plant","volume":"13","author":"Vega-Celedon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127343","article-title":"Nano zero-valent iron-induced changes\nin soil iron species and soil bacterial communities contribute to\nthe fate of Cd","volume":"424","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081910164354000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083843","article-title":"A Novel\nMethod for Estimating Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Concentrations in\nLeaves: A Two Hyperspectral Sensor Approach","volume":"23","author":"Falcioni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (14248220)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081910164354000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(89)80347-0","article-title":"Determination\nof accurate extinction\ncoefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls\na and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the\nconcentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy\n- ScienceDirect","volume":"975","author":"Porra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta\n(BBA) - Bioenergetics"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162334","article-title":"Understanding the cadmium passivation and nitrogen\nmineralization\nof aminated lignin in soil","volume":"873","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081910164354000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05986","article-title":"Synergistic\neffect of soil organic matter and nanoscale zero-valent iron on biodechlorination","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138109","article-title":"Humic acid-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for\nsustainable cadmium remediation and crop safety in farmland soil","volume":"492","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104651","article-title":"Soil N transformation\nrates are not linked to fertilizer N losses in vegetable soils with\nhigh N input","volume":"202","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil and Tillage Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081910164354000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.12","article-title":"Majorbio Cloud: a one-stop, comprehensive bioinformatic platform\nfor multiomics analyses","volume":"1","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081910164354000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94949-0","article-title":"Characterization of humic acids from original coal\nand its oxidization production","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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Mol. 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The effect of the pH and chemical properties\nof humic acids","volume":"245","author":"Boguta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081910164354000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770405","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2020.1770405","article-title":"Response of\nmaize (Zea mays L.) to nitrogen and planting density in Jabitahinan\ndistrict, Western Amhara region","volume":"6","author":"Worku","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Food\nAgric."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081910164354000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-018-1052-7","article-title":"Why is\nchlorophyll b only used in\nlight-harvesting systems?","volume":"131","author":"Kume","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081910164354000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091932","article-title":"Understanding\nmaize response to nitrogen limitation in different light conditions\nfor the improvement of photosynthesis","volume":"10","author":"Urban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081910164354000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1794","article-title":"New insights into leaf and fine-root\ntrait relationships:\nImplications of resource acquisition among 23 xerophytic woody species","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150513","article-title":"Biochar and alternate wetting-drying cycles improving rhizosphere\nsoil nutrients availability and tobacco growth by altering root growth\nstrategy in Ferralsol and Anthrosol","volume":"806","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026081910164354000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122742","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1122742","article-title":"Biochar\namendment alters root morphology of maize plant: Its implications\nin enhancing nutrient uptake and shoot growth under reduced irrigation\nregimes","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081910164354000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2022.100346","article-title":"Nano-enabled\nagriculture: How do nanoparticles cross barriers in\nplants?","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081910164354000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(99)00168-6","article-title":"A low molecular weight humic fraction\non nitrate uptake and protein synthesis in maize seedlings","volume":"32","author":"Nardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081910164354000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55314-7","article-title":"The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for maize in the\nUS Midwest is increasing","volume":"16","author":"Baum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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