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Here, we determined the EC50 of Cd in potatoes, which induced oxidative stress and chloroplast damage. Transcriptomic and metabolomic coanalysis identified StAPR3, an APS reductase involved in sulfur metabolism, as a Cd-responsive candidate. Heterologous yeast expression and potato overexpression demonstrated that StAPR3 enhanced Cd tolerance. Under Cd treatment, StAPR3-overexpressing lines maintained superior growth, while wild-type plants showed an oxidative burst and photosynthetic dysfunction. Transgenic tubers exhibited increased yield, higher dry matter, starch, amino acids, and K, Ca, and Mg, lower reducing sugars, and reduced Cd accumulation. Enzymatic assays confirmed that StAPR3 catalyzes APS to AMP; LC-MS\/MS showed elevated AMP, cysteine, and glutathione in transgenic lines. Thus, StAPR3 improves Cd tolerance, tuber yield, nutritional quality, and edible safety, offering a genetic target for breeding safe, high-quality potato cultivars on Cd-contaminated soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c05070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T18:01:23Z","timestamp":1789322483000},"page":"29499-29516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Omics-Identified\n                    <i>StAPR3<\/i>\n                    Enhances\nPotato Cd Tolerance and Tuber Quality via Sulfur Metabolism and Glutathione\nRedox Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1291-3555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Panfeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]},{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]},{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8719-9970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]},{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]},{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]},{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangping","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Technology , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730070"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134516","article-title":"Physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic\ninsights into the mechanisms by which molybdenum mitigates cadmium\ntoxicity in Triticum aestivum L","volume":"472","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2021.04.004","article-title":"Impact of cadmium\npollution on food safety and human health","volume":"27","author":"Suhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr.\nOpin. Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092310085841000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8120557","article-title":"Alternative pathway\nis involved in nitric oxide-enhanced tolerance to cadmium stress in\nbarley roots","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132758","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis\nreveals differential molecular responses to cadmium toxicity in rice\nroot tip and mature zone","volume":"462","author":"Kuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.013","article-title":"Effect of biochar on\nheavy metal accumulation in potatoes from wastewater\nirrigation","volume":"232","author":"Nzediegwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112682","article-title":"Integrated analysis\nof miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in response to cadmium stress","volume":"224","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol.\nEnviron. 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Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092310085841000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051133","article-title":"Antioxidant potential\nof glutathione and crosstalk\nwith phytohormones in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants","volume":"12","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310085841000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-024-04594-w","article-title":"Catalysts\nfor sulfur: understanding the intricacies of enzymes orchestrating\nplant sulfur anabolism","volume":"261","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Planta"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092310085841000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01398-8","article-title":"Assimilatory sulfate reduction in\nthe marine methanogen Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus","volume":"8","author":"Jespersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137537","article-title":"Unravelling microbial\ndrivers of the sulfate-reduction process inside landfill using metagenomics","volume":"313","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109819","article-title":"The Arabidopsis APR2 positively regulates cadmium tolerance through glutathione-dependent\npathway","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132953","article-title":"Metabolomics\ncombined with physiology and transcriptomics reveal key metabolic\npathway responses in apple plants exposure to different selenium concentrations","volume":"464","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131411","article-title":"Metabolomics and transcriptomics\nreveal the toxic mechanism of Cd\nand nano TiO2 coexposure on rice (Oryza sativa","volume":"453","author":"Qiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310085841000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-023-00400-z","article-title":"Exogenous glutathione enhances tolerance\nof the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to cadmium stress\nby regulating the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and the signal transduction\nof plant hormones","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152322","article-title":"Identification of StAP2\/ERF genes of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and their multiple functions in detoxification\nand accumulation of cadmium in yest: implication for genetic-based\nphytoremediation","volume":"810","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092310085841000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122303","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanism\nof StWRKY6 in potato (Solanum tuberosum)\u2019s cadmium tolerance for ensuring\nfood safety","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit27","first-page":"576","article-title":"Cadmium uptake by potato roots disrupts plant ion homeostasis,\ninduces oxidative stress and inhibits plant growth","volume":"48","author":"Antico\u0301 i Daro\u0301","year":"2026","journal-title":"Current Plant Biology"},{"issue":"40","key":"2026092310085841000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22369","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c04883","article-title":"Multiomics combined\nwith expression pattern analysis\nreveals the regulatory response of key genes in potato jasmonic acid\nsignaling pathways to cadmium stress","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.01.078","article-title":"Foliar application of salicylic acid alleviate the cadmium toxicity\nby modulation the reactive oxygen species in potato","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092310085841000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2009.04.002","article-title":"Cadmium and mineral\nnutrient accumulation\nin potato plantlets grown under cadmium stress in two different experimental\nculture conditions","volume":"47","author":"Gonc\u0327alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092310085841000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1071\/SR14360","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity and\nsoil biological index under potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation","volume":"54","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Res"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130499","article-title":"Morphophysiological,\nproteomic and metabolomic analyses reveal cadmium tolerance mechanism\nin common wheat (Triticum aestivum","volume":"445","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114365","article-title":"Root characteristics\ncritical for cadmium tolerance and reduced accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"305","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nManage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310085841000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.24.1.1","article-title":"Copper\nenzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris","volume":"24","author":"Arnon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.07.021","article-title":"Effect of cadmium on the physiological\nparameters and the subcellular\ncadmium localization in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092310085841000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.3390\/w14213432","article-title":"A review on cadmium and lead contamination:\nsources, fate, mechanism, health effects and remediation methods","volume":"14","author":"Bouida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420628","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1420628","article-title":"Microplastics and cadmium\npollution in Chinese sweet potato fields","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front.\nSustain. Food Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310085841000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1999-3110-54-45","article-title":"Structural\nand functional alterations\nin photosynthetic apparatus of plants under cadmium stress","volume":"54","author":"Parmar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Botanical Studies"},{"key":"2026092310085841000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.106","article-title":"Zinc protects against\ncadmium-induced\ntoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, ions homeostasis and protein\nsynthesis","volume":"188","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092310085841000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093921","article-title":"Heavy metals,\ntheir phytotoxicity, and the role of\nphenolic antioxidants in plant stress responses with focus on cadmium","volume":"28","author":"Goncharuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310085841000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.02.002","article-title":"Cadmium-induced\naccumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the leaf apoplast of Phaseolus aureus and Vicia sativa and the roles of different\nantioxidant enzymes","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092310085841000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1021\/es400521h","article-title":"Variation in rice cadmium related\nto human exposure","volume":"47","author":"Meharg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092310085841000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14926","article-title":"Heavy metal\nstress and mitogen activated\nkinase transcription factors in plants: Exploring heavy metal-ROS\ninfluences on plant signalling pathways","volume":"47","author":"Niekerk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant,\nCell Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092310085841000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-024-01481-1","article-title":"Leveraging\nmulti-omics tools to comprehend responses and tolerance mechanisms\nof heavy metals in crop plants","volume":"24","author":"Charagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Funct. Integr.\nGenomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092310085841000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.134908","article-title":"Sulfur-responsive\nelements in the 3\u2032-nontranscribed\nintergenic region are essential for the induction of SULFATE TRANSPORTER 2; 1 gene expression in Arabidopsis roots under sulfur deficiency","volume":"27","author":"Maruyama-Nakashita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310085841000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.19.060190.002101","article-title":"On the microassembly of integral membrane proteins","volume":"19","author":"Popot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. 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