{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:18:11Z","timestamp":1788254291073,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018532","name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZLGX07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZLGX07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Research and Development Program of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHYF2025002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHYF2025002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear tetrapyrrole chromophore covalently bound to phycocyanin that is widely distributed in cyanobacteria and certain microalgae. PCB has attracted increasing attention, because of its well-defined structure, excellent biocompatibility, and diverse bioactivities. It is primarily derived from natural algae extracts, while metabolic engineering enables heterologous biosynthesis for future, scalable production. Accumulating evidence indicates that PCB exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other activities, primarily through free radical scavenging and modulation of signaling pathways, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. However, the practical application of PCB remains limited by environmental factors, as well as by industrial-scale expansion and regulatory constraints. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of preparation strategies, bioactivities, stabilization, and delivery approaches and applications of phycocyanobilin, while also addressing current challenges related to processing adaptability and industrial applications to support the high-value development of algae-derived functional pigments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c05648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T01:01:35Z","timestamp":1786496495000},"page":"25783-25803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in the Promising\nFunctional Pigment, Phycocyanobilin:\nPreparation, Health Benefits, and Utilization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Rongxiang","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266404"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. K. Asanka","family":"Sanjeewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sri Jayewardenepura , , Pitipana , ,","place":["Homagama, Sri Lanka, 10206"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-1338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiangzhao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266404"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Sanya, China, 572024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1477-2725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266404"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Sanya, China, 572024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2026.112452","article-title":"Hydrophilic anchoring by C-phycocyanin enhances pea protein nanofibril\ngelation","volume":"175","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c11379","article-title":"Co-Refolding\nof Pea Protein and C-Phycocyanin for Multifunctional\nHydrocolloids at pH 5","volume":"74","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-024-01332-4","article-title":"Production\nand Applications of Cyanobacterial Phycocyanin: Trends and Prospects","volume":"65","author":"Roy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2025.104344","article-title":"The impact\nof flavonoid-phycocyanin covalent conjugation on pigment properties\nand stability","volume":"107","author":"Shkolnikov Lozober","year":"2026","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2026.102558","article-title":"Sustainable\nvalorization of marine\ncyanobacterium Phormidium valderianum BDU10121 for\nthe production of food-grade C-Phycocyanin as a natural food additive","volume":"33","author":"Nair","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/phycology5020015","article-title":"Cosmeceutical\nApplications of Phlorotannins from Brown Seaweeds","volume":"5","author":"Gunasekara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phycology"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103861","article-title":"Extraction, purification\nand characterization of Spirulina phycocyanin","volume":"85","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114362","article-title":"Phycocyanin from microalgae:\nA comprehensive review covering microalgal culture, phycocyanin sources\nand stability","volume":"186","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.103228","article-title":"The protective effect and mechanism of phycocyanin\non diabetic retinopathy\nin rats","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-024-01739-2","article-title":"The antiparasitic\neffect of C-Phycocyanin nanoparticles on cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed\nmice","volume":"49","author":"Moneer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-025-03548-3","article-title":"Development\nof a solubility equation for phycocyanin\nprecipitation by ammonium sulfate","volume":"37","author":"Cardoso","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl.\nPhycol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2025.111798","article-title":"Elucidating structure-functionality\nrelationships of phycocyanin through size-exclusion chromatography\ncoupled with in-line small-angle X-ray scattering","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2025.102535","article-title":"Exploration of the\npathway and mechanism of phycocyanin accumulation:\nA review","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s41061-025-00537-5","article-title":"Progress\nin the\nSynthesis and Application of Phycocyanin-Based Nanoparticles","volume":"384","author":"Rahmati-Dehkordi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10933-024-00350-y","article-title":"Direct detection of\nphycocyanin in sediments by hyperspectral\nimaging","volume":"73","author":"Wienhues","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Paleolimnol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.103218","article-title":"Investigation\non the protective effects of the color\nstability of phycocyanin in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem.:X"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11483-025-10080-x","article-title":"Impact of\nPolyethylene Glycol on\nC-phycocyanin Stability","volume":"20","author":"Justin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biophys"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101600","article-title":"Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin:\nStrategies to improve production yield and chemical stability","volume":"42","author":"Hsieh-Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.10.028","article-title":"A novel method for remote sensing\nphycocyanin leveraging\noptical classification and an integrated machine learning algorithm","volume":"231","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2025.113242","article-title":"Photodynamic\nanticancer activity of Arthrospira phycocyanobilin\nenhanced by metal cobalt ion coordination","volume":"245","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dyes\nPigm."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-024-01098-6","article-title":"Heterologous Expression\nof Phycocyanobilin in Escherichia coli and Determination\nof Its Antioxidant Capacity In Vitro","volume":"67","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104470708900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70240","article-title":"Development of\na Methodology for the Extraction of Potential Food-Grade Phycocyanin\nFrom Arthrospira maxima","volume":"90","author":"Corte\u0301s Meneses","year":"2025","journal-title":"J.\nFood Sci."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.066","article-title":"Characterization\nand effects of binding of food-derived bioactive phycocyanobilin to\nbovine serum albumin","volume":"239","author":"Minic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.06.138","article-title":"Covalent binding of food-derived\nblue pigment phycocyanobilin to bovine \u03b2-lactoglobulin under\nphysiological conditions","volume":"269","author":"Minic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090104470708900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092786","article-title":"Recovering\nMicroalgal Bioresources:\nA Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies","volume":"27","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-008-1660-6","article-title":"Influence\nof processing parameters\non disintegration of Chlorella cells in various types of homogenizers","volume":"81","author":"Doucha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00409102","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of\nphycocyanins from\nthe blue-green alga Spirulina platensis","volume":"120","author":"Boussiba","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2006.11.026","article-title":"Aqueous two phase extraction for purification of C-phycocyanin","volume":"34","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-66322011000100006","article-title":"C-phycocyanin\nextraction\nfrom Spirulina platensis wet biomass","volume":"28","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2018.04.007","article-title":"Optimization of phycocyanin extraction\nfrom Spirulina platensis using different techniques","volume":"70","author":"I\u0307lter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137653","article-title":"Sustainable approach\ntowards isolation of photosynthetic pigments from Spirulina and the assessment of their prooxidant and antioxidant properties","volume":"436","author":"Alotaiby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03224-y","article-title":"Comparison of different\nmethods for extraction of phycocyanin from\nthe cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina)","volume":"36","author":"Kuhnholz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135005","article-title":"Efficient extraction\nof phycobiliproteins from dry biomass of Spirulina platensis using sodium chloride as extraction enhancer","volume":"406","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-023-04452-1","article-title":"Extraction of C-PC from Arthrospira platensis: use of ultrasounds, organic solvents and deep eutectic solvents","volume":"250","author":"Fabre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9030560","article-title":"Enzyme-Assisted Method for Phycobiliproteins\nExtraction\nfrom Porphyra and Evaluation of Their Bioactivity","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752024","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.752024","article-title":"Acclimation\nand Characterization of Marine Cyanobacterial Strains Euryhalinema and Desertifilum for C-Phycocyanin Production","volume":"9","author":"Khazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22112023","article-title":"Application\nof an Ultrafine Shearing Method for the Extraction of C-Phycocyanin\nfrom Spirulina platensis","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201600127","article-title":"Enzymatic\npre-treatment of microalgae cells for enhanced extraction of proteins","volume":"17","author":"Al-Zuhair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-014-0094-7","article-title":"Extraction\nand purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540)","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020308","article-title":"A Combination\nof Aqueous Extraction and Ultrafiltration\nfor the Purification of Phycocyanin from Arthrospira maxima","volume":"10","author":"Nistico\u0300","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.131575","article-title":"Maximizing\nC-phycocyanin purification efficiency from Spirulina: A synergistic strategy combining CaCl2 precipitation\nand membrane diafiltration","volume":"361","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.464801","article-title":"A rapid one-step\naffinity purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis","volume":"1720","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-013-2124-5","article-title":"Bioprocess intensification:\nan aqueous two-phase process for the purification of C-phycocyanin\nfrom dry Spirulina platensis","volume":"238","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-023-03057-6","article-title":"Separation\nand Purification of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis Using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Based on Triblock Thermosensitive\nCopolymers","volume":"16","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(68)90196-5","article-title":"Cleavage\nof phycocyanobilin from\nC-phycocyanin","volume":"153","author":"Chapman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2024.08.006","article-title":"Development of a new\nextraction method and functional analysis of phycocyanobilin from\nunique filamentous cyanobacteria","volume":"395","author":"Aoki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcaa164","article-title":"Pressurized\nLiquid Extraction of a Phycocyanobilin\nChromophore and Its Reconstitution with a Cyanobacteriochrome Photosensor\nfor Efficient Isotopic Labeling","volume":"62","author":"Kamo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Cell\nPhysiol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090104470708900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.15.7017","article-title":"Phycocyanin alpha-subunit\nphycocyanobilin lyase","volume":"89","author":"Fairchild","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\nU.S.A."},{"issue":"52","key":"2026090104470708900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.056382","article-title":"Catalytic\nmechanism of S-type phycobiliprotein lyase: chaperone-like action\nand functional amino acid residues","volume":"284","author":"Kupka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol.\nChem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2022.01.007","article-title":"Crystal structure and molecular mechanism\nof an E\/F type bilin lyase-isomerase","volume":"30","author":"Kumarapperuma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structure"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1100-6","article-title":"Metabolic engineering\nof Escherichia coli for efficient\nbiosynthesis of fluorescent phycobiliprotein","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090104470708900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/md20070450","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins-A\nFamily of Algae-Derived Biliproteins:\nProductions, Characterization and Pharmaceutical Potentials","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.149","article-title":"Fast cleavage\nof phycocyanobilin from phycocyanin for\nuse in food colouring","volume":"240","author":"Roda-Serrat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090104470708900_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11440","DOI":"10.3390\/app142311440","article-title":"Process\nOptimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for\nthe Production of Phycocyanobilin from Arthrospira maxima-Derived C-Phycocyanin","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/87.4.937","article-title":"Development\nof a solid-phase extraction method for determination of pheophorbide\na and pyropheophorbide a in health foods by liquid chromatography","volume":"87","author":"Oshima","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090104470708900_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6545","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00255a069","article-title":"Synthesis of bile pigments. 14. Synthesis of a bilindionostilbenoparacyclophane\nas a model for stretched bile pigment chromophores of biliproteins","volume":"109","author":"Nesvadba","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2023.100585","article-title":"Absorption and fluorescence spectra of open-chain tetrapyrrole\npigments\u2013bilirubins, biliverdins, phycobilins, and synthetic\nanalogues","volume":"55","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem.\nRev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(90)85002-E","article-title":"New trends\nin photobiology biosynthesis\nof phycobilins. Formation of the chromophore of phytochrome, phycocyanin\nand phycoerythrin","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol.\nB: Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.2307\/3871353","article-title":"Functional Genomic\nAnalysis of the HY2 Family of Ferredoxin-Dependent\nBilin Reductases from Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms","volume":"13","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00018a008","article-title":"Biosynthesis\nof phycobilins","volume":"93","author":"Beale","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2023.02.005","article-title":"Enhancement\nof phycocyanobilin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by strengthening the supply of precursor and artificially self-assembly\ncomplex","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Synth. Syst. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030301","article-title":"Rational Design of Key Enzymes to\nEfficiently Synthesize Phycocyanobilin\nin Escherichia coli","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-019-9060-6","article-title":"Biosynthesis\nof phycocyanobilin\nin recombinant Escherichia coli","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090104470708900_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9090851","article-title":"Enhanced Phycocyanobilin\nProduction in Escherichia coli by Fusion-Expression\nof Apo-Proteins with Signal Peptides","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104470708900_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-012-1132-z","article-title":"Combinational\nbiosynthesis of phycocyanobilin using genetically-engineered Escherichia coli","volume":"35","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090104470708900_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15081058","article-title":"Optimization\nof Phycocyanobilin Synthesis in E. coli BL21: Biotechnological\nInsights and Challenges for\nScalable Production","volume":"15","author":"Esclapez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104470708900_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.2c00016","article-title":"Efficient Synthesis\nof Phycocyanobilin by Combinatorial Metabolic Engineering in Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090104470708900_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12219","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c02306","article-title":"Enhancing Phycocyanobilin\nProduction Efficiency in Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum: Strategies\nand Potential Application","volume":"72","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0257","article-title":"Oxygen radical\nabsorbance capacity of phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from the food\nsupplement Aphanizomenon flos-aquae","volume":"13","author":"Benedetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med.\nFood"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203033487216","article-title":"C-phycocyanin:\na biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective\neffects","volume":"4","author":"Romay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5195","article-title":"Scavenging\nof Peroxynitrite by Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin\nfrom Spirulina platensis: Protection against Oxidative\nDamage to DNA","volume":"285","author":"Bhat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110696","article-title":"The Inhibitory\nEffect of Phycocyanin Peptide on Pulmonary\nFibrosis In Vitro","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090104470708900_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210408123807","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin-derived Phycocyanobilin\nas a Potential Nutraceutical Approach for Major Neurodegenerative\nDisorders and COVID-19- induced Damage to the Nervous System","volume":"19","author":"Pento\u0301n-Rol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.05.021","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin promotes PC12 cell survival and modulates\nimmune and inflammatory genes and oxidative stress markers in acute\ncerebral hypoperfusion in rats","volume":"272","author":"Mari\u0301n-Prida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl.\nPharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104470708900_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09769","article-title":"Positive effects\nof Phycocyanobilin on gene expression in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity\nin SH-SY5Y cells and animal models of multiple sclerosis and cerebral\nischemia","volume":"8","author":"Gardo\u0301n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4008991","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4008991","article-title":"The Bioactivities\nof Phycocyanobilin from Spirulina","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227268","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1227268","article-title":"The effects of Phycocyanobilin on experimental arthritis\ninvolve the reduction in nociception and synovial neutrophil infiltration,\ninhibition of cytokine production, and modulation of the neuronal\nproteome","volume":"14","author":"Mari\u0301n-Prida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104470708900_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02970C","article-title":"Phycocyanin ameliorates\nmouse colitis via phycocyanobilin-dependent\nantioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection of the intestinal epithelial\nbarrier","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-291x(03)00586-2","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,\ninduces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"304","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090104470708900_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7962","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070529g","article-title":"Phycobiliprotein\nC-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis is powerfully\nresponsible for reducing\noxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic\ndiet in hamsters","volume":"55","author":"Riss","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60230c","article-title":"Spirulina platensis and phycocyanobilin activate atheroprotective heme\noxygenase-1: a possible implication for atherogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Strasky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104470708900_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050642","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation\nin the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Prete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.09.061","article-title":"Oral phycocyanobilin may diminish\nthe pathogenicity of activated brain microglia in neurodegenerative\ndisorders","volume":"74","author":"McCarty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13214","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin reduces brain injury\nafter endothelin-1- induced focal cerebral ischaemia","volume":"47","author":"Pavo\u0301n-Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036200","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1036200","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory\nmechanisms and pharmacological actions of phycocyanobilin in a mouse\nmodel of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A therapeutic\npromise for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Mari\u0301n-Prida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22255","article-title":"ROS signaling by NADPH oxidase 5\nmodulates the proliferation\nand survival of prostate carcinoma cells","volume":"55","author":"Ho\u0308ll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol.\nCarcinog."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1784-x","article-title":"Molecular\nmechanism of anti-cancer\nactivity of phycocyanin in triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Ravi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.21608\/jcbr.2021.46268.1079","article-title":"Evaluation\nof the anticancer effect\nof violacein, phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin on apoptotic genes expression\nand glycan profiles in breast cancer cells","volume":"0","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer Biomed. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.08.038","article-title":"Assessment\nof the Anticancer Potentials of the Free and Metal-Organic Framework\n(UiO-66) \u2013 Delivered Phycocyanobilin","volume":"112","author":"Rashed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104470708900_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.08.041","article-title":"Clinical\npotential of phycocyanobilin for induction of T regulatory cells in\nthe management of inflammatory disorders","volume":"77","author":"McCarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med.\nHypotheses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R110","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00648.2011","article-title":"Phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis protect against diabetic nephropathy\nby inhibiting oxidative stress","volume":"304","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol\nRegul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.02.016","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins:\nStructural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological\nperspectives","volume":"20","author":"Dagnino-Leone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3029864","article-title":"Bilirubin\nis an antioxidant of possible physiological importance","volume":"235","author":"Stocker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090104470708900_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16093","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252626999","article-title":"Biliverdin reductase: A major physiologic\ncytoprotectant","volume":"99","author":"Baraano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090104470708900_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CP54307B","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin in solution \u2013\na solvent triggered molecular switch","volume":"16","author":"Watermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys.\nChem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"76","key":"2026090104470708900_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61787","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA05534B","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin, a bioactive tetrapyrrolic compound of blue-green\nalga Spirulina, binds with high affinity and competes\nwith bilirubin for binding on human serum albumin","volume":"5","author":"Minic","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090104470708900_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03294H","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin\nis the molecule responsible for the nephroprotective action of phycocyanin\nin acute kidney injury caused by mercury","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Pliego","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food\nFunct."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104470708900_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.65.971","article-title":"Radical Scavenging\nActivity of Phycocyanobilin\nPrepared from the Cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis","volume":"65","author":"Hirata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090104470708900_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8761","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2248273","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin is a new binding\npartner of human alpha-2-macroglobulin that protects the protein against\noxidative stress","volume":"42","author":"S\u030cunderic\u0301","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090104470708900_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234074","article-title":"Protective\nEffects of Spirulina Against Lipid Micelles and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced\nIntestinal Epithelium Disruption in Caco-2 Cells: In Silico Molecular\nDocking Analysis of Phycocyanobilin","volume":"16","author":"Arrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.7454\/mss.v26i3.1377","article-title":"Modulation of the NF-\u03baB Activation\nPathway by Phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis: An in Silico Study","volume":"26","author":"Iswanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Makara J. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2055089","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin\nprevents acute myocardial infarction-induced oxidative stress, inflammation\nand cardiac damage","volume":"60","author":"Blas-Valdivia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.024","article-title":"Unbound Bilirubin\nand Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder in Late Preterm and Term\nInfants with Severe Jaundice","volume":"173","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090104470708900_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308124","article-title":"Bilirubin-induced\nneurologic damage\n- Mechanisms and management approaches","volume":"369","author":"Watchko","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl.\nJ. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104470708900_cit105","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Clinical Implications\nof Bilirubin-Associated Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity","volume":"1","author":"Mendez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Anesthesiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-011-0019-0","article-title":"Anti-enteroviral Activity of Microalgal\nExtracts Probed by Bionanohybrids of Quantum Dots and Viruses","volume":"1","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103468","article-title":"In silico antiviral properties of Spirulina platensis phycobiliprotein and phycobilin as natural\ninhibitor for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"79","author":"Munawaroh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645713","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.645713","article-title":"Phycobilins as Potent\nFood Bioactive Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors Against Proteases of SARS-CoV-2\nand Other Coronaviruses: A Preliminary Study","volume":"12","author":"Pendyala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026090104470708900_cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0142-1","article-title":"Cyanobacteria\na potential source of antiviral substances against influenza virus","volume":"191","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090104470708900_cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101942","article-title":"Elucidation\nof Antiviral and Antioxidant Potential of C-Phycocyanin against HIV-1\nInfection through In Silico and In Vitro Approaches","volume":"11","author":"Jadaun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10363","article-title":"Inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced\napoptosis by allophycocyanin\nisolated from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis","volume":"70","author":"Shih","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2025.110475","article-title":"Food-derived bioactive pigment phycocyanobilin\nbinds to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein both covalently and noncovalently\naffecting its conformation and functionality","volume":"770","author":"Simovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24253","article-title":"Well-tolerated Spirulina extract inhibits influenza virus replication and\nreduces virus-induced mortality","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111752","article-title":"Nutraceutical\nFeatures of the Phycobiliprotein C-Phycocyanin: Evidence from Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina)","volume":"16","author":"Citi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090104470708900_cit115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i18.5465","article-title":"Phycocyanobilin accelerates liver\nregeneration and\nreduces mortality rate in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury\nmice","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab107","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis against carbon tetrachloride-induced\nliver injury in male rats","volume":"73","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-4-103","article-title":"Hepatoprotective\neffects of Spirulina maxima in patients with non-alcoholic\nfatty liver disease: a case series","volume":"4","author":"Ferreira-Hermosillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med.\nCase Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104470708900_cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202200455","article-title":"The Cyanobacterial\n\u2033Nutraceutical\u2033\nPhycocyanobilin Inhibits Cysteine Protease Legumain","volume":"24","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000151486","article-title":"A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled\nStudy to Establish the Effects of Spirulina in Elderly\nKoreans","volume":"52","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2008.2.4.295","article-title":"A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090104470708900_cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.0143","article-title":"Clinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin-Enriched\nAqueous Extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study\nwith a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet Activation","volume":"19","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104470708900_cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-021-02522-z","article-title":"The application of\na phycocyanin extract obtained from Arthrospira platensis as a blue natural colorant in beverages","volume":"33","author":"Garci\u0301a","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\nAppl. Phycol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024988","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1024988","article-title":"Application of phycocyanin\nfrom Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis as a hair\ndye","volume":"9","author":"Kraseasintra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s42824-023-00099-1","article-title":"Blue-Green\nHorizons: Redefining Alginate Bioplastics with Spirulina Dyes","volume":"6","author":"Delgado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Circ. Econ."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090104470708900_cit125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224811","article-title":"Dyeing\nNon-Recyclable Polyethylene Plastic with Photoacid Phycocyanobilin\nfrom Spirulina Algae: Ultrafast Photoluminescence\nStudies","volume":"14","author":"Alhefeiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2007.621","article-title":"Clinical potential of Spirulina as\na source of phycocyanobilin","volume":"10","author":"McCarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit127","first-page":"97","article-title":"\u03b2-lactoglobulin\ncovalent modification by phycocyanobilin under physiological conditions:\nStructural and functional effects","volume":"8","author":"Radomirovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Open\nBio"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73791","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73791","article-title":"Spirulina Phycobiliproteins as Food\nComponents and Complements","volume-title":"Microalgal\nBiotechnology","author":"Stanic-Vucinic","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119483","article-title":"Nutraceutical phycocyanobilin binding\nto catalase protects\nthe pigment from oxidation without affecting catalytic activity","volume":"251","author":"Gligorijevic\u0301","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.01.002","article-title":"Bilirubin\nin the Liver\u2013Gut Signaling Axis","volume":"29","author":"Hamoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends\nEndocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14111326","article-title":"Bilirubin Hepatic and Intestinal Transport and Catabolism:\nPhysiology, Pathophysiology, and Benefits","volume":"14","author":"Kipp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090104470708900_cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18091413","article-title":"Beyond Antioxidants:\nThe Microbial Metabolic Landscape of Anthocyanins and Their Downstream\nHealth Implications","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127422","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1127422","article-title":"Fluorescence\nand antioxidant activity of heterologous\nexpression of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis","volume":"10","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090104470708900_cit134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1918","article-title":"Bright and stable near-infrared fluorescent protein\nfor in vivo imaging","volume":"29","author":"Filonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2015.06.005","article-title":"Near-infrared\nfluorescent proteins engineered from bacterial phytochromes","volume":"27","author":"Shcherbakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060614-034411","article-title":"Natural photoreceptors as a source of fluorescent proteins,\nbiosensors, and optogenetic tools","volume":"84","author":"Shcherbakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev.\nBiochem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090104470708900_cit137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236067","article-title":"Near-Infrared\nMarkers based on Bacterial Phytochromes with Phycocyanobilin as a\nChromophore","volume":"20","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026090104470708900_cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707190114","article-title":"Efficient synthesis of phycocyanobilin in mammalian cells for optogenetic\ncontrol of cell signaling","volume":"114","author":"Uda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.127","article-title":"Load phycocyanin to\nachieve in vivo imaging of casein-porous starch microgels\ninduced by ultra-high-pressure homogenization","volume":"193","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090104470708900_cit140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00287D","article-title":"Phycocyanin-based nanocarrier\nas a new nanoplatform for efficient overcoming of cancer drug resistance","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030273","article-title":"Protective Effect of Spirulina-Derived\nC-Phycocyanin against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in HaCaT\nCells","volume":"57","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090104470708900_cit142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10216","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210216","article-title":"Enhancement of Skin Anti-Wrinkling\nEffects of Arthrospira maxima Phycocynobilin by Combining\nwith Wheat Bran Extract","volume":"14","author":"Koh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229387","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1229387","article-title":"The anti-photoaging\neffect of C-phycocyanin on ultraviolet B-irradiated BALB\/c-nu mouse\nskin","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104470708900_cit144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307615100","article-title":"Complementation of\nphytochrome chromophore-deficient Arabidopsis by\nexpression of phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase","volume":"101","author":"Kami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104470708900_cit145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.0c00477","article-title":"Improvement of Phycocyanobilin\nSynthesis for Genetically Encoded Phytochrome-Based Optogenetics","volume":"15","author":"Uda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090104470708900_cit146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.6b00333","article-title":"A Phytochrome-Derived Photoswitch\nfor Intracellular Transport","volume":"6","author":"Adrian","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.072","article-title":"Preliminary\nUHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS\nscreening of light-accelerated autoxidation products of the tetrapyrrole\nbiliverdin","volume":"173","author":"Weesepoel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130985","article-title":"The formation\nof phycocyanin-EGCG complex for improving the color protection stability\nexposing to light","volume":"370","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104470708900_cit149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-009-0061-5","article-title":"Effect\nof ultraviolet irradiation\non photostability of C-phycocyanin in a silica matrix","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026090104470708900_cit150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9037","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.5b04225","article-title":"Effect of Blue Light on the Electronic\nand Structural Properties of Bilirubin Isomers: Insights into the\nPhotoisomerization and Photooxidation Processes","volume":"119","author":"Cardoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090104470708900_cit151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6292","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.6b00892","article-title":"Study of Model Systems\nfor Bilirubin\nand Bilin Chromophores: Determination and Modification of Thermal\nand Photochemical Properties","volume":"81","author":"Garci\u0301a-Iriepa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104470708900_cit152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(01)00209-5","article-title":"Prooxidant and antioxidant activities\nof bilirubin\nand its metabolic precursor biliverdin: a structure-activity study","volume":"137","author":"Asad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/530\/1\/012008","article-title":"The effect\nof different temperature on the stability of phycocyanin on microcapsule Spirulina platensis","volume":"530","author":"Purnama","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.:\nEarth Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104470708900_cit154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030568","article-title":"The Effect\nof Storage and Pasteurization (Thermal and High-Pressure) Conditions\non the Stability of Phycocyanobilin and Phycobiliproteins","volume":"12","author":"Shkolnikov Lozober","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103571","article-title":"Improving\nthe color storage stability of phycocyanin under light and acidified\nconditions through antisolvent precipitation of phycocyanin-zein complex","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106374","article-title":"Microencapsulation\nof natural dyes\nwith biopolymers for application in food: A review","volume":"112","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2023.101756","article-title":"Utilization\nof hydrocolloids for the stabilization of pigments from natural sources","volume":"68","author":"Weiss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcat.2025.115334","article-title":"Regulation\nof enzymatic activity and NADPH supply for\nefficient biosynthesis of phycocyanin in Escherichia coli","volume":"585","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Catal."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit159","unstructured":"Administration, U. S. F. a. D.\n          . 21 CFR \u00a7 73.530 Spirulina extract. https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/cfr\/text\/21\/73.530 (accessed June 1, 2026)."},{"key":"2026090104470708900_cit160","unstructured":"Administration, U. S. F. a. D.\n          \n          Regulatory Status of Color Additives \u2013 Spirulina Extract. https:\/\/hfpappexternal.fda.gov\/scripts\/fdcc\/index.cfm?set=ColorAdditives&id=SpirulinaExtract (accessed June 1, 2026)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c05648","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/33\/25783\/66503913\/acs.jafc.6c05648.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/33\/25783\/66503913\/acs.jafc.6c05648.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:47:30Z","timestamp":1788252450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/33\/25783\/5253012\/Trends-in-the-Promising-Functional-Pigment"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c05648","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}