{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1788254296758,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFE0214300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFE0214300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform Research Project of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXPTXM [2025] 022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXPTXM [2025] 022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Fund Projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform Research Project of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Fund Projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Qiankehezhongyindi (2024) 007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehezhongyindi (2024) 007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increasing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes and concerns regarding pesticide toxicity call for the discovery of new, potent, and environmentally benign pesticides. This process requires the identification of new target enzymes, including solanesyl diphosphate synthase (SPS). SPS catalyzes the production of solanesyl diphosphate, a precursor to plastoquinone and ubiquinone, which are essential for plant growth. Targeting the inhibition of SPS has enabled the identification of chemical compounds with agrochemical potential. Owing to its critical role in plant growth and its potential in pesticide discovery, SPS has attracted increasing research interest, resulting in a growing number of publications. However, a consolidated overview of this critical enzyme is still lacking. This review comprehensively integrates current knowledge on SPS function, catalytic mechanism, and inhibition. We present comparative analyses of SPS sequences from rice, wheat, and maize with those of Arabidopsis isoforms. These analyses reveal highly conserved catalytic motifs such as the first aspartate-rich motif (FARM) and the second aspartate-rich motif (SARM), together with localized divergences in substrate-binding pockets that underpin species-specific ligand interactions. We further show that targeted mutations near the conserved motifs can engineer herbicide tolerance in genetically modified (GM) crops. Finally, we propose strategic directions for the rational design and synthesis of next-generation SPS inhibitors and provide a dual strategy for novel pesticide discovery and engineered crop resilience. Collectively, this review paves the way for the rational development of effective and selective SPS inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c06190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:01:43Z","timestamp":1787137303000},"page":"25849-25862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Solanesyl Diphosphate\nSynthase: From Discovery to\nCrop Protection"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Bashir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, P. R. China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Amirinezhadfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, P. R. China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Niazi Tabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, P. R. China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, P. R. China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Ndikuryayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, P. R. China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-0441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen-Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, P. R. China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02875-z","article-title":"Climate change,\nfood security, and diarrhoea prevalence nexus in Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Kitole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53169-6","article-title":"Conservation\nagriculture improves soil health and sustains crop yields after long-term\nwarming","volume":"15","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22702-2","article-title":"Global land use changes\nare four times greater than previously estimated","volume":"12","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178454","article-title":"Climate\nchange and\nfood security nexus in Ghana: The role of renewable energy","volume":"963","author":"Kyire","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, X.; Wu, Y.; Bai, L.\n          Advancing herbicide safeners: Integrating\nstructure-guided design, pathway mechanism elucidation, and smart\ndelivery\n          Adv. Agrochem\n          2026\n          10.1016\/j.aac.2026.05.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aac.2026.05.001"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090104481843300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c02188","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas12a combined with RAA for\non-site detection of ALS W574L\nmutation in three Alopecurus species: A visual approach\nfor herbicide resistance monitoring","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56732-x","article-title":"Pesticides\nhave negative effects on non-target\norganisms","volume":"16","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20251801.9583","article-title":"Review of\ncutting-edge weed management\nstrategy in agricultural systems","volume":"18","author":"R Gatkal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric.\nBiol. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104481843300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.9734\/jsrr\/2024\/v30i31871","article-title":"Exploring\ntraditional agricultural\ntechniques integrated with modern farming for a sustainable future:\nA review","volume":"30","author":"Sekhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res. 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Environ.\nSci."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026090104481843300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03851","article-title":"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate\ndioxygenase inhibitors: From chemical biology to agrochemicals","volume":"65","author":"Ndikuryayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104481843300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12112014","article-title":"Antioxidants\nof non-enzymatic nature: Their function in higher plant cells and\nthe ways of boosting their biosynthesis","volume":"12","author":"Rudenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104481843300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/fbe2.12010","article-title":"Perturbing\nelectron carriers of green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for efficient physiological and metabolic regulation","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Bioeng."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/wet.2025.10073","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA\ncarboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides: Past, present, and future","volume":"40","author":"Jhala","year":"2026","journal-title":"Weed Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104481843300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v3i6.472-477.391","article-title":"The symptoms of herbicidal action: The case of aclonifen","volume":"3","author":"K\u0131l\u0131nc\u0327","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. 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Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090104481843300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2005.04956.x","article-title":"Characterization\nof solanesyl and decaprenyl diphosphate synthases in mice and humans","volume":"272","author":"Saiki","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090104481843300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5992","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.19.5992-5998.1997","article-title":"Cloning of\nthe sdsA gene encoding solanesyl diphosphate synthase\nfrom Rhodobacter capsulatus and its\nfunctional expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"179","author":"Okada","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104481843300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00271-13","article-title":"Solanesyl diphosphate synthase, an enzyme\nof the ubiquinone synthetic pathway, is required throughout the life\ncycle of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"13","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104481843300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22040510","article-title":"Solanesol\nbiosynthesis in plants","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104481843300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00712","article-title":"Catalytic\nreactions and energy conservation in the cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes\nof energy-transducing membranes","volume":"121","author":"Sarewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090104481843300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18191","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.117929","article-title":"Catalytic reactions\nof the homogentisate prenyl transferase involved in plastoquinone-9\nbiosynthesis","volume":"285","author":"Sadre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104481843300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04796.x","article-title":"Gene network reconstruction\nidentifies\nthe authentic trans-prenyl diphosphate synthase that makes the solanesyl\nmoiety of ubiquinone-9 in Arabidopsis","volume":"69","author":"Ducluzeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104481843300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2012.02.011","article-title":"Trypanosoma\nbrucei solanesyl-diphosphate\nsynthase localizes to the mitochondrion","volume":"183","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol.\nBiochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01898","article-title":"Plastoquinone and ubiquinone\nin plants: Biosynthesis, physiological\nfunction and metabolic engineering","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant\nSci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104481843300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120988","article-title":"Functional\ncharacterization of long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases from tomato","volume":"449","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104481843300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54102-8","article-title":"Biosynthesis of ubiquinone\nand plastoquinone in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi membranes of\nspinach leaves","volume":"268","author":"Swiezewska","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090104481843300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6933","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.24.6933-6939.2000","article-title":"Phenotypes of fission yeast defective\nin ubiquinone production due to disruption of the gene for p-hydroxybenzoate\npolyprenyl diphosphate transferase","volume":"182","author":"Uchida","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.968780","article-title":"Isoprenoid\nbiosynthesis regulation in poplars by methylerythritol phosphate and\nmevalonic acid pathways","volume":"13","author":"Movahedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104481843300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.592","article-title":"Functional\nanalysis of two solanesyl diphosphate synthases\nfrom Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"69","author":"Hirooka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090104481843300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq103","article-title":"Two solanesyl\ndiphosphate synthases\nwith different subcellular localizations and their respective physiological\nroles in Oryza sativa","volume":"61","author":"Ohara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090104481843300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.9.3058-3060.1997","article-title":"The ispB gene\nencoding octaprenyl\ndiphosphate synthase is essential for growth of Escherichia coli","volume":"179","author":"Okada","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10919","article-title":"Plant tolerance to\nexcess light energy and photooxidative damage relies on plastoquinone\nbiosynthesis","volume":"5","author":"Ksas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104481843300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9040518","article-title":"Effects of NtSPS1\noverexpression on solanesol content, plant growth,\nphotosynthesis, and Metabolome of Nicotiana tabacum","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090104481843300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111536","article-title":"Organ-and\ngrowing stage-specific\nexpression of solanesol biosynthesis genes in Nicotiana tabacum reveals their association with solanesol content","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104481843300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2006.12.015","article-title":"Cloning and\nexpression of the gene encoding solanesyl\ndiphosphate synthase from Hevea brasiliensis","volume":"172","author":"Phatthiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00893","article-title":"Functional\nanalysis of polyprenyl diphosphate synthase genes involved in plastoquinone\nand ubiquinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090104481843300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00707","article-title":"Fibrillin\n5 is essential for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis\nby binding to solanesyl diphosphate synthases in Arabidopsis","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052010-100934","article-title":"Methylerythritol\nphosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026090104481843300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006971107","article-title":"Plastochromanol-8 and tocopherols\nare essential lipid-soluble antioxidants during seed desiccation and\nquiescence in Arabidopsis","volume":"107","author":"Me\u0300ne-Saffrane\u0301","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090104481843300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-025-02184-6","article-title":"Structural\ninsights into the molecular mechanisms of OsFBN5-induced OsSPS3 catalysis","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104481843300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.168799","article-title":"Structure and\nmechanism of an Arabidopsis medium\/long-chain-length\nprenyl pyrophosphate synthase","volume":"155","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"W1","key":"2026090104481843300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W420","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac373","article-title":"IBS 2.0: an\nupgraded illustrator for the visualization of biological sequences","volume":"50","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104481843300_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.13496\/j.issn.1007-5119.2016.03.008","article-title":"Cloning and expression analysis of\nsolanesyl diphosphate\nsynthase (NtSPS) genes in Nicotiana tabacum","volume":"37","author":"Ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Tob. 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