{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:54:16Z","timestamp":1791392056246,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011710","name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024RS-CXTD-67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RS-CXTD-67"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is a well-established target for herbicide discovery. However, the development of new PPO inhibitors featuring novel scaffolds remains highly desirable to address herbicide resistance and improve application performance. In this study, a scaffold-hopping strategy was employed to incorporate a benzoxazole motif into pyrimidinedione-based PPO inhibitor frameworks, leading to the design and synthesis of a series of benzoxazole\u2013pyrimidinedione hybrids. Among the synthesized compounds, XII07 and XII08 showed herbicidal activity against selected dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weed species in Petri dish assays, together with promising post-emergence and moderate-to-good pre-emergence activities in greenhouse assays, although their efficacy relative to flumioxazin varied among weed species. Protoporphyrin IX accumulation assays and molecular docking studies provided biochemical and computational evidence consistent with PPO inhibition as a potential mode of action. These findings suggest that benzoxazole\u2013pyrimidinedione hybrids may represent a promising new class of PPO inhibitors and provide valuable insights for the rational design of next-generation herbicides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c06277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:02:15Z","timestamp":1790668935000},"page":"30512-30523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Discovery of Benzoxazole\u2013Pyrimidinedione\nHybrids\nas Novel Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-7966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]},{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1257-9238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiqin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]},{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , Yangling, , ,","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021859605005708","article-title":"Crop Losses\nto Pests","volume":"144","author":"Oerke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05378","article-title":"Synthesis,\nHerbicidal Activity, and QSAR of Novel N-Benzothiazolylpyrimidine-2,4-Diones\nas Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors","volume":"64","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\nAgric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8244","article-title":"Epyrifenacil, a New Systemic PPO-Inhibiting\nHerbicide for Broad-Spectrum Weed Control","volume":"81","author":"Sada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest\nManage. 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WO 1988010254\nA1, 1988."},{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit7","unstructured":"Suchy, M.; Winternitz, P.; Zeller, M.\n          Substituted Phenyluracils\nas Herbicidal Agents. WO 1991000278 A1, 1991."},{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18270","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01420","article-title":"Designing New Protoporphyrinogen\nOxidase-Inhibitors Carrying Potential Side Chain Isosteres to Enhance\nCrop Safety and Spectrum of Activity","volume":"71","author":"Alnafta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric.\nFood Chem."},{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1614\/ws-d-09-00004.1","article-title":"The Herbicide\nSaflufenacil (Kixor) is a New Inhibitor of Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase\nActivity","volume":"58","author":"Grossmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"2026100711063312900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14221","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c03593","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Benzoxazinone-Pyrimidinedione\nHybrids as Potent Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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