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Here, we found that crude exopolysaccharide (CEP) from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani CL105 promoted flavonoid biosynthesis in Scutellaria baicalensis seedlings, with CEP-0.3 as its major bioactive component. Subsequently, methylation and NMR analysis revealed that the backbone of CEP-0.3 consisted of (\u21922)-\u03b1-d-Manp-(1\u2192), (\u21923,6)-\u03b2-d-Galp-(1\u2192), and (\u21924)-\u03b1-d-Manp-(1\u2192) units, with \u03b2-d-Galp-(1\u2192) and \u03b1-d-Glcp-(1\u2192) as terminal residues. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CEP-0.3 induced the expression of genes involved in GA\/ABA biosynthesis (CPS, CYP701, KOA, GA3ox, GA2ox, GA20ox, NCED, ABA2, AAO3, CYP707A) and MYB transcription factors (SbMYB5, SbMYB11, SbMYB13, SbMYB330), thereby upregulating core flavonoid biosynthetic genes (PAL, C4H, CHS, CHI, FNS, F6H) and ultimately promoting flavonoid synthesis in S. baicalensis. These findings demonstrate that endophytic fungal exopolysaccharides represent a promising approach for sustainable S. baicalensis cultivation and biotechnological production of pharmaceutical flavonoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c06481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:20:37Z","timestamp":1785849637000},"page":"24198-24220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Exopolysaccharide\nfrom Endophytic Fungus\n                    <i>Fusarium solani<\/i>\n                    CL105 and Its Effect on Flavonoid\nSynthesis in\n                    <i>Scutellaria baicalensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Huicong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunsheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuguang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7312-0108","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunyan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050200"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050091"]},{"name":"Hebei University of Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 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Mediated\nby Cytochrome P450 Enzymes","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026081208084139800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10065","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01814","article-title":"Bioremediation of catechol and concurrent accumulation\nof biocompounds by the microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii","volume":"71","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130734","article-title":"Structural characterization\nand immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Dioscotea opposita","volume":"265","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.150","article-title":"Purification, structural\ncharacterization and anticoagulant activities of four sulfated polysaccharides\nfrom sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata","volume":"164","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit27","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.\n          \n          Purification and\nStructure Analysis Ofthe Polysaccharidesfrom Panax quinquefolius, Ph. D. Dissertation, Northeast Normal University, 2015."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.244","article-title":"Structural characterization of a galacturonic\nacid-rich polysaccharide from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Muzao","volume":"147","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.037","article-title":"An acidic polysaccharide\nfrom Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao: Purification and structural characterization","volume":"274","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.08.037","article-title":"Evaluation and prediction of the safe distance\nin liquid hydrogen spill accident","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf.\nEnviron. Prot."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081208084139800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.1c02351","article-title":"Direct synthesis of\nglycans containing challenging ManNAcA residues","volume":"87","author":"Alex","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Org. 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Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081208084139800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.27933","article-title":"Identification\nof a disaccharide side chain 2-O-\u03b1-D-galactopyranosyl-\u03b1-D-glucuronic\nacid in Arabidopsis xylan","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Signaling Behav."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081208084139800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1039\/D0OB00426J","article-title":"Synthesis of type 1 Lewis b hexasaccharide antigen structures featuring\nflexible incorporation of l-[U-13C6]-fucose\nfor NMR binding studies","volume":"18","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026081208084139800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29223","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04274F","article-title":"Characteristic 1H NMR spectra of\n\u03b2-d-ribofuranosides and ribonucleosides: factors driving furanose\nring conformations","volume":"12","author":"Walczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081208084139800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210522.103","article-title":"Research progress on\nmechanism of phytohormones in regulating flavonoid metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081208084139800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1556\/0806.43.2015.013","article-title":"Effects of polysaccharide elicitors from endophytic\nBionectria pityrodes Fat6 on the growth and flavonoid production in\ntartary buckwheat sprout cultures","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereal Res.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit38","unstructured":"Wang, Q.\n          \n          Study on Germplasm\nResources of Wild Scutellaria baicalensis of 61 Distribution Area\nfrom Shanxi, Ph. D. Dissertation, Shanxi University, 2017."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit39","unstructured":"Zhai, X.\n          \n          Mechanism and\nApplication of Trichoderma atroviride D16inducing Tanshinones Biosynthesis\nin Salia miltiorrhiza, Ph. D. Dissertation, Naval Medical University, 2019."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit40","unstructured":"Jiang, H.\n          \n          Research\non the\nExtraction and Microbial Transformation Utilization of Components\nfrom the Roots and Stems of Scutellaria baicalensis, Ph. D. Dissertation, Nanjing Normal University, 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081208084139800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34735","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34735","article-title":"A novel\nexopolysaccharide elicitor from endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp.\nAL12 on volatile oils accumulation in Atractylodes lancea","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081208084139800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00842-x","article-title":"Extraction, characterization, and biological\nactivities of exopolysaccharides from plant root soil fungus Fusarium\nmerismoides A6","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081208084139800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers129","article-title":"Sugars and plant innate immunity","volume":"63","author":"Bolouri Moghaddam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit44","unstructured":"Cui, X.\n          \n          Effect of Endophytic\nFungal on the Synthesis of Flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis Callus\nand Its Material Basis and Molecular Mechansim, Ph.\nD. Dissertation, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 2022."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081208084139800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.07.083","article-title":"Molecular cloning and\ncharacterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase\nand genes involved in flavone biosynthesis in Scutellaria baicalensis","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081208084139800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14488","article-title":"Integrative\nmetabolome and transcriptome analysis characterized methyl\njasmonate-elicited flavonoid metabolites of Blumea balsamifera","volume":"176","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"2026081208084139800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125290","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of NAC transcription\nfactors in Scutellaria baicalensis and their response to exogenous\nABA and GA3","volume":"244","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c06481","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/31\/24198\/66335169\/acs.jafc.6c06481.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/31\/24198\/66335169\/acs.jafc.6c06481.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:21:51Z","timestamp":1786537311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/31\/24198\/5237053\/An-Exopolysaccharide-from-Endophytic-Fungus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c06481","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}