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Here, we found that the host preference of the generalist parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis revealed an innate preference for Spodoptera frugiperda, followed by Plodia interpunctella. GC\u2013MS analysis showed distinct volatile organic compound profiles between the two hosts, with 2-hexanol as a shared component. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed that wasp antennae responded more strongly to S. frugiperda than to P. interpunctella odors, suggesting olfaction mediates host preference. Knockdown of the odorant receptor co-receptor, MpulORco, impaired both EAG responses and host preference behavior. Furthermore, wasps reared on S. frugiperda had larger body size and higher fecundity, providing a plausible fitness-based explanation for the observed preference. Collectively, our study reveals olfaction is involved in host preference behavior in a generalist parasitoid and establishes a functional connection between olfactory cues and individual fitness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c06596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:01:33Z","timestamp":1789398093000},"page":"31394-31404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host Volatiles\nDrive Host Preference and Consequently\nShape the Fitness of a Generalist Parasitoid Wasp,\n                    <i>Meteorus pulchricornis<\/i>\n                    (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Zhen-Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo-Lan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Zhong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng-Zhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-0245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu-Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-1741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhi-Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029","article-title":"Evolution of development\nstrategies in parasitic Hymenoptera","volume":"51","author":"Pennacchio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. 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Entomol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020160","article-title":"Improving natural\nenemy selection in biological control through greater attention to\nchemical ecology and host-associated differentiation of target arthropod\npests","volume":"13","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.03.038","article-title":"Parasitoid\nwasps","volume":"34","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2005.00348.x","article-title":"Factors\naffecting the evolution of development strategies in parasitoid wasps:\nthe importance of functional constraints and incorporating complexity","volume":"117","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. 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Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv149","article-title":"Chemoreceptor evolution\nin Hymenoptera and its implications\nfor the evolution of eusociality","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol.\nEvol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03794-8","article-title":"The structural basis\nof odorant recognition in insect olfactory receptors","volume":"597","author":"del Ma\u0301rmol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2020.103497","article-title":"Mutagenesis of the\nOrco odorant receptor co-receptor impairs olfactory function in the\nmalaria vector Anopheles coluzzii","volume":"127","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Biochem.\nMol. 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Entomol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-024-01534-6","article-title":"Kairomonal\neffect of hexane extracts of Corcyra cephalonica\nand Spodoptera frugiperda on the parasitizing activity of Trichogramma\npretiosum","volume":"50","author":"Tullika","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-024-01533-7","article-title":"Electrophysiological\nresponses of\nTrissolcus japonicus, (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) to volatile compounds\nassociated with New Zealand stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)","volume":"50","author":"Saunders","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. 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Res."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13176","article-title":"Bacterial volatiles\nelicit differential olfactory responses in insect species from the\nsame and different trophic levels","volume":"30","author":"van Neerbos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12861","article-title":"Expression and functional characterization\nof odorant-binding protein\ngenes in the endoparasitic wasp Cotesia vestalis","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2026.104491","article-title":"TostOBP12\nmediates the olfactory\nresponse to host volatiles in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma ostriniae","volume":"188","author":"Kong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12523","article-title":"An odorant\nreceptor mediates the attractiveness of\ncis-jasmone to Campoletis chlorideae, the endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa\narmigera","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75253","article-title":"Microbial odorant detection\nguides Drosophila parasitoids seeking hosts in fermenting fruits","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.2004.9518357","article-title":"Meteorus pulchricornis\n(Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae:\nEuphorinae): an exotic polyphagous parasitoid in New Zealand","volume":"31","author":"Berry","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2010.03.018","article-title":"Differential\nhost growth regulation\nby the solitary endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis in two hosts\nof greatly differing mass","volume":"56","author":"Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s13355-018-0581-9","article-title":"Polyphagous\nkoinobiosis: the biology and biocontrol potential of a Braconid endoparasitoid\nof exophytic caterpillars","volume":"53","author":"Maeto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12250","article-title":"Convergent development\nof a parasitoid wasp on three host species with differing mass and\ngrowth potential","volume":"154","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2017.01.002","article-title":"Candidate\nchemosensory genes identified in the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis\n(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by antennal transcriptome analysis","volume":"22","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part D: Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08390","article-title":"Odorant-binding protein\n6 contributes high binding affinity to insecticides in a parasitic\nwasp Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2024\/2241","article-title":"Transcriptome\nanalysis reveals divergent parasitic strategies between two larval\nendoparasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Entomologia"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17050518","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Corcyra cephalonica as an alternative\nhost for Meteorus pulchricornis","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-026-00898-z","article-title":"Plodia interpunctella as the suitable\nalternative host for mass rearing of Meteorus pulchricornis","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Egypt J. Biol. 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Physiol., Part D:\nGenomics Proteomics"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12050713","article-title":"Morphology\nand ultrastructure of the female reproductive apparatus of an asexual\nstrain of the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera,\nBraconidae)","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3---new capabilities and interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70078","article-title":"Fastp 1.0:\nan ultra-fast all-round tool for FASTQ data quality control and preprocessing","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"2026101408092514000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04475-1","article-title":"A chromosome-level\ngenome assembly of Meteorus pulchricornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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