{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:08:15Z","timestamp":1788991695843,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) was previously permitted in beverages at up to 15 ppm to stabilize fruit flavorings but is no longer authorized for use in foods in the U.S. following FDA\u2019s revocation of its authorization (21 CFR \u00a7 180.30), as there is no longer a basis to conclude that this use is safe. Existing measurement methods rely on either indirect analysis requiring extensive sample preparation or direct methods using uncommon solvents or specialized equipment. This work presents a direct liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method using readily available instrumentation, standard solvents, and simple sample preparation. The method monitors 9 unique BVO species, which were characterized using high-resolution MS. The LC-MS\/MS BVO method has low detection limits (\u223c10 parts per billion), high linearity (R2 \u2265 0.995), and high accuracy (recoveries of 84\u2013106%). Additionally, the method was tested on market soda samples listing BVO on the label.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:47:47Z","timestamp":1788230867000},"page":"27978-27985","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improved Analysis\nand Characterization of Brominated\nVegetable Oil in Multiple Beverages Using LC-MS\/MS and LC-HRMS"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-6089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica P.","family":"Rafson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Human Foods Program , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20740"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Beekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Human Foods Program , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20740"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Human Foods Program , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20740"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\n          .  Revocation of\nAuthorization for Use of Brominated Vegetable\nOil in Food (2024\u201314300); Federal Register, 2024, 55040-55045."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090917073844900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/56.3.602","article-title":"Gas\nChromatographic Determination of Brominated Sesame Oil in Orange Drinks:\nCollaborative Study","volume":"56","author":"Conacher","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090917073844900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/66.6.1385","article-title":"Add Methanolysis and Gas Chromatographic\nDetermination of Brominated Vegetable Oils in Soft Drinks","volume":"66","author":"Lawrence","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127712","article-title":"Analyses of the brominated\nvegetable oil in soft drinks\nusing gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detector and atmospheric\npressure gas chromatography\u2013quadrupole\/time-of-flight mass\nspectrometry","volume":"338","author":"Iwakoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090917073844900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6543","article-title":"Mass spectra\nof methyl esters of brominated fatty acids and their presence in soft\ndrinks and cocktail syrups","volume":"27","author":"Bendig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass\nSpectrom."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090917073844900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1972.tb02754.x","article-title":"Determination\nof brominated vegetable oil concentrations in soft drinks using a\nspecific ion electrode","volume":"37","author":"Turner","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090917073844900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/57.4.801","article-title":"Determination of Brominated Vegetable Oils in Soft\nDrinks by a Combination of Total Bromide Estimation and Gas-Liquid\nChromatography","volume":"57","author":"Conacher","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090917073844900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.689373","article-title":"Rapid quantitative method for total\nbrominated vegetable oil in soft drinks using ion chromatography","volume":"29","author":"Yousef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam.,:Part A"},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.047","article-title":"Identifying method\nvalidation and\nmeasurement uncertainty of brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks\nand carbonated waters commonly consumed in South Korea","volume":"246","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit10","unstructured":"Christison, S. P. P.; Rohrer, J.\n          Fast Determinations\nof Brominated Compounds in Carbonated Beverages Using Oxidative Pyrolytic\nCombustion and Ion Chromatography; Application Note\n          Thermo Scientific: USA; 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090917073844900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/74.4.698","article-title":"A Qualitative Colorimetric\nTest for Brominated Vegetable Oil in Soft Drinks","volume":"74","author":"Murthy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.06.110","article-title":"Simple and\nrapid quantification of brominated vegetable\noil in commercial soft drinks by LC\u2013MS","volume":"213","author":"Chitranshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit13","unstructured":"Yang, J.\n          \n          Determination of Brominated\nVegetable Oil in Soft Drinks by UPC2\/MS; Application Note\n          Waters Corporation: USA; 2014."},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7592-1_9","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS Analysis\nof Triglycerides in Blood-Derived Samples","volume-title":"Clinical Metabolomics: Methods and Protocols","author":"Reinicke","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090917073844900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-999-0248-3","article-title":"A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic\nmethod for analyzing complex mixtures of triglycerides. Application\nto the fat fraction of an aged cheese","volume":"76","author":"Na\u0301jera","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am.\nOil Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090917073844900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-015-2652-1","article-title":"Evaluation of\nthe Triglyceride Composition\nof Pomegranate Seed Oil by RP-HPLC Followed by GC-MS","volume":"92","author":"Topkafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026090917073844900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.09.060","article-title":"Comparison\nof various types of stationary\nphases in non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass\nspectrometry of glycerolipids in blackcurrant oil and its enzymatic\nhydrolysis mixture","volume":"1216","author":"Li\u0301sa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.05.058","article-title":"Quantitation of triacylglycerols\nin edible oils by off-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography\u2013atmospheric\npressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a single column","volume":"1404","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit19","unstructured":"Mass Spectrometry for Confirmation of the Identity of Animal\nDrug\nResidues; Guidance for Industry #118\n          U.S.\nFood and Drug Administration: Silver\nSpring, MD; 2003."},{"key":"2026090917073844900_cit20","volume-title":"Introductory Food\nChemistry","author":"Brady","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090917073844900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-997-0016-1","article-title":"Triacylglycerol composition and structure\nin genetically modified sunflower and soybean oils","volume":"74","author":"Reske","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090917073844900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9830-x","article-title":"Simultaneous\nQuantitation of FFA, MAG, DAG, and TAG in Enzymatically Modified Vegetable\nOils and Fats","volume":"7","author":"Pacheco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07349","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/35\/27978\/67409657\/acs.jafc.6c07349.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/35\/27978\/67409657\/acs.jafc.6c07349.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:29:56Z","timestamp":1788989396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/35\/27978\/5329115\/Improved-Analysis-and-Characterization-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07349","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}