{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:34:52Z","timestamp":1793190892898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV\/CD26) is a circulating serine protease that rapidly degrades incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), limiting incretin activity and glucose homeostasis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), major gut microbiota-derived metabolites, influence metabolic health through multiple mechanisms; whether they directly inhibit DPP-IV remains unknown. Here, we investigated the inhibitory activity and mechanism of acetate, propionate, and butyrate against recombinant human DPP-IV. All three SCFAs inhibited DPP-IV concentration-dependently, with an average IC50 of 0.62 \u00b1 0.13 mM. Michaelis\u2013Menten, Lineweaver\u2013Burk, Dixon, and Cornish\u2013Bowden analyses demonstrated reversible mixed-mode inhibition, whereas sitagliptin exhibited competitive inhibition (Ki = 2.6 nM). SCFAs protected GLP-1 from DPP-IV mediated degradation and preserved GLP-1-induced calcium signaling in INS-1 cells. Molecular docking indicated preferential SCFA interactions within the DPP-IV \u03b2-propeller domain. These findings identify SCFAs as direct, reversible DPP-IV modulators, providing a molecular link between gut microbial metabolites and incretin regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:01:55Z","timestamp":1791486115000},"page":"33316-33328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-Chain Fatty\nAcids as Endogenous Inhibitors of\nDPP-IV Enzyme: Implications in GLP-1 Stability and Metabolic\nHealth"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6962-7643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reliance Consumer Products Ltd. R&D , Mind Comp Tech Park , Whitefield, ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560066"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindran","family":"Mugesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reliance Consumer Products Ltd. R&D , Mind Comp Tech Park , Whitefield, ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560066"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reliance Consumer Products Ltd. R&D , Mind Comp Tech Park , Whitefield, ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560066"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Chakrabortty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reliance Consumer Products Ltd. R&D , Mind Comp Tech Park , Whitefield, ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560066"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reliance Consumer Products Ltd. R&D , Mind Comp Tech Park , Whitefield, ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560066"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1130625","article-title":"DPP-4 Inhibitors for Treating T2DM\u2500Hype\nor Hope? An Analysis Based on the Current Literature","volume":"10","author":"Saini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01931-z","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1\nReceptor:\nMechanisms and Advances in Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct.\nTarget. Ther."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.03.010","article-title":"A Comparative\nStudy\nof the Binding Modes of Recently Launched Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV\nInhibitors in the Active Site","volume":"434","author":"Nabeno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys.\nRes. Commun."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12781","article-title":"Cut to the\nChase: A Review of CD26\/Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4\u2019s (DPP4) Entanglement\nin the Immune System","volume":"185","author":"Klemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092306","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase\n4 (DPP4) as a Novel Adipokine: Role in Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Barchetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S369712","article-title":"Potential\nEffect of DPP-4 Inhibitors\ntowards Hepatic Diseases and Associated Glucose Intolerance","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1035","article-title":"Pharmacology, Physiology,\nand Mechanisms of Action\nof Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors","volume":"35","author":"Mulvihill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr.\nRev."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551420912972","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 at the Interface\nbetween Inflammation and Metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Trzaskalski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med.\nInsights Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S369712","article-title":"Potential Effect of\nDPP-4 Inhibitors\nTowards Hepatic Diseases and Associated Glucose Intolerance","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01412-x","article-title":"The Multiple Actions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase\n4 (DPP-4) and Its Pharmacological Inhibition on Bone Metabolism: A\nReview","volume":"16","author":"Silva Junior","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01057-w","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Metabolic\nDisease","volume":"21","author":"Helvaci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092222","article-title":"Increased Plasma DPP4\nActivity Is an Independent Predictor of the Onset of Metabolic Syndrome\nin Chinese over 4 Years: Result from the China National Diabetes and\nMetabolic Disorders Study","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60262a","article-title":"Inhibition\nof Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP-IV) by Tryptophan-Containing\nDipeptides","volume":"4","author":"Nongonierma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030463","article-title":"Discovery\nof Food-Derived Dipeptidyl\nPeptidase IV Inhibitory Peptides: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100893","article-title":"Discovery\nof Novel Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitory Peptides Derived\nfrom Walnut Protein and Their Bioactivities in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"9","author":"Mu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res.\nFood Sci."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061232","article-title":"The Preventive\nMechanisms of Bioactive Food Compounds against Obesity-Induced Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Pelczyn\u0301ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids\nin the Interplay between Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Host Energy Metabolism","volume":"54","author":"den Besten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1408947","article-title":"Bacterial Protein Acetylation: Mechanisms,\nFunctions, and Methods for Study","volume":"14","author":"Rizo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell.\nInfect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2025.100139","article-title":"E. Short-Chain Fatty\nAcids (SCFAs) in Gut Health: Implications\nfor Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Sankarganesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.104999","article-title":"Short-Chain\nFatty Acids (SCFA) in\nInfants\u2019 Plasma and Corresponding Mother\u2019s Milk and\nPlasma in Relation to Subsequent Sensitisation and Atopic Disease","volume":"101","author":"Barman","year":"2024","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17005","article-title":"Butyrate Functions\nas a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor to Protect Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells\nfrom IL-1\u03b2-Induced Dysfunction","volume":"291","author":"Pedersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000813","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Bind to Apoptosis-Associated\nSpeck-Like Protein to Activate Inflammasome Complex to Prevent Salmonella Infection","volume":"18","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4466","article-title":"GPR109A Is\na G-Protein-Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product\nButyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon","volume":"69","author":"Thangaraju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.046","article-title":"Olfactory\nReceptor Responding to Gut Microbiota-Derived\nShort-Chain Fatty Acids Regulates Blood Pressure","volume":"155","author":"Pluznick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.572","article-title":"The Monocarboxylate\nTransporter Family\u2500Role\nand Regulation","volume":"64","author":"Halestrap","year":"2012","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.892426","article-title":"Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4\nby Flavonoids: Structure\u2013Activity Relationship, Kinetics and\nInteraction Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit27","volume-title":"Guidance on Ethical Requirements\nfor Laboratory Validation Testing","author":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.4","article-title":"Tricine\u2013SDS-PAGE","volume":"1","author":"Scha\u0308gger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026102808123962500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21256","article-title":"AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated\nDocking with Selective Receptor Flexibility","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102808123962500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC04185A","article-title":"PoseBusters:\nAI-Based Docking Methods\nFail To Generate Physically Valid Poses or Generalise to Novel Sequences","volume":"15","author":"Buttenschoen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102808123962500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0493156","article-title":"(2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine:\nA Potent, Orally Active Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor for the\nTreatment of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2001.026","article-title":"Reference Values for Plasma Dipeptidyl\nPeptidase IV Activity and Their Association with Other Laboratory\nParameters","volume":"39","author":"Durinx","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00097","article-title":"Plasma\nDipeptidyl Peptidase IV Activity and Measures of Body Composition\nin Apparently Healthy People","volume":"2","author":"Neidert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102808123962500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05719-4","article-title":"The Multifunctional\nRegulatory Post-Proline Protease Dipeptidyl Peptidase 9 and Its Inhibitors:\nNew Opportunities for Therapeutics","volume":"82","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol.\nLife Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102808123962500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1021\/jm500031w","article-title":"Extended Structure\u2013Activity\nRelationship and Pharmacokinetic Investigation of (4-Quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine\nInhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP)","volume":"57","author":"Jansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.04.063","article-title":"The Development and Validation of\na Combined Kinetic Fluorometric Activity Assay for Fibroblast Activation\nProtein Alpha and Prolyl Oligopeptidase in Plasma","volume":"495","author":"Bracke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026102808123962500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20798","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c02677","article-title":"Chemical Basis of Fluorogenic Substrate\nProbe Design: Revisiting\nthe Past to Discover the New in Biochemistry","volume":"146","author":"Komatsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102808123962500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002207","article-title":"Regulation of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"62","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00505","article-title":"Increased\nPlasma Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) Activity Is an Obesity-Independent\nParameter for Glycemic Deregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients","volume":"10","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.013","article-title":"Control\nof Insulin Secretion by GLP-1","volume":"100","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102808123962500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.3.424","article-title":"Isolation of INS-1-Derived\nCell Lines\nwith Robust ATP-Sensitive K+-Channel-Dependent and -Independent Glucose-Stimulated\nInsulin Secretion","volume":"49","author":"Hohmeier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.101973","article-title":"Untangling\nthe Genetics of Beta Cell Dysfunction and Death in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"86","author":"Robertson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141897","article-title":"Discovery of Pea Protein-Derived\nDPP-IV Inhibitory Peptides: Transport across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers\nand Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"307","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102808123962500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2291831","article-title":"Structure-Based Molecular\nDocking and Molecular Dynamics\nSimulations Study for the Identification of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4\nInhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Sultan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct.\nDyn."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102808123962500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04134-y","article-title":"Plasma\nShort-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Social Anxiety Disorder and\nChanges after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026102808123962500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245247","article-title":"Plasma Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in\nActive and Recovered Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2024.124191","article-title":"Alterations\nin Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Preadolescence Children: The\nHokkaido Study","volume":"1242","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118540398","volume-title":"Evaluation of Enzyme\nInhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and Pharmacologists","author":"Copeland","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102808123962500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb882","article-title":"Crystal Structure\nof\nHuman Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV\/CD26 in Complex with a Substrate Analog","volume":"10","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-Chain\nFatty Acids Stimulate Glucagon-Like Peptide-1\nSecretion via the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307799","article-title":"The Short\nChain Fatty Acid Propionate Stimulates GLP-1 and PYY Secretion via\nFree Fatty Acid Receptor 2 in Rodents and Humans","volume":"64","author":"Psichas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102808123962500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01306.x","article-title":"Dipeptidyl\nPeptidase-4 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative\nReview","volume":"13","author":"Deacon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.1.5","article-title":"Epac: A\nNew cAMP-Binding Protein in Support of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor-Mediated\nSignal Transduction in the Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell","volume":"53","author":"Holz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20021288","article-title":"Glucagon-Like\nPeptide-1 Mobilizes\nIntracellular Ca2+ and Stimulates Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis in Pancreatic\nMIN6 \u03b2-Cells","volume":"369","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1860661","article-title":"DPP-4 Inhibitors\nin Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Hypothesized Mechanism via the Gut Microbiota-Short-Chain\nFatty Acids-Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Axis","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front.\nImmunol."},{"key":"2026102808123962500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2017.21.5.519","article-title":"Sodium\nButyrate\nHas Context-Dependent Actions on Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and Other\nMetabolic Parameters","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. 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