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This review systematically summarizes 175 SSPs reported between 1996 and 2026, covering their production, separation, characterization, absorption mechanisms, and biological activities. SSPs are obtained mainly by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase, thermolysin, papain, and flavourzyme, or by fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and Aspergillus oryzae. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that SSPs lower blood pressure, reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, modulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and exert anticancer and neuroprotective activities. These effects are linked to peptide sequence, hydrophobicity, Pro\/Tyr enrichment, digestive stability, and transporter-mediated or paracellular transport. However, clinical evidence, dose\u2013response data, intact systemic availability, and standardized production remain scarce. This review identifies the critical validation, scalability, and formulation gaps that must be addressed before SSPs can advance into nutraceutical and functional food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:21:15Z","timestamp":1788438075000},"page":"28083-28111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactivities and\nFunctional Potential of Soy-Derived\nSmall Peptides (2\u20135 Amino Acids): A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9022-1138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mubeen","family":"Asad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]},{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]},{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongtai Yihong Animal Nutrition Co., Ltd. , , , ,","place":["Dongtai, Yancheng, China, 224200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Dynamo Chemicals Co., Ltd. , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Aamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]},{"name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University , , ,","place":["Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 43600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2475-3221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]},{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-127X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]},{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]},{"name":"Shanghai Ocean University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026091609083241400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061186","article-title":"Proteins and Bioactive Peptides in High Protein Content Foods","volume":"10","author":"Toldra\u0301","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026091609083241400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.815640","article-title":"Bioactivities,\nApplications, Safety, and Health Benefits of Bioactive Peptides From\nFood and By-Products: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Zaky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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