{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:08:12Z","timestamp":1789567692036,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRF 16301923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 16301923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aristoloxazines (AXs) represent a newly identified class of neurotoxins and genotoxins found in plants of the Asarum and Aristolochia families, many of which are traditionally used as herbal remedies. Recently, they have also been detected in high abundance in some herbal plant cultivation fields. We revealed in this study that AX-C and AX-A exhibit significant cytotoxicity in both HEK293 and L02 cells, with LC50s &amp;lt; 5 \u03bcM. Furthermore, AX-C generates adducts that, based on mass spectral and chromatographic data, are identical or very similar to those of the well-characterized human carcinogen aristolochic acid I (AA-I), in DNA samples from both cultured human cells and internal organs of mice exposed to AXs. Given that AA-I DNA adducts have been shown to induce high frequencies of AT \u2192 TA transversions and are believed to be responsible for the observed toxicity of AA-I, our results highlight a previously unrecognized group of potent genotoxins that pose an ongoing risk to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:01:40Z","timestamp":1788854500000},"page":"28767-28774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aristoloxazines Are Highly Cytotoxic and Form DNA\nAdducts in Human Cells and Mouse Organs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Hong-Ching","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Lung","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-4907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chun-Kit","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Yung","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-7684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zongwei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology Ningbo , , ,","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-3172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14520","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c04385","article-title":"Phenanthrene derivatives from Asarum\nheterotropoides showed excellent antibacterial activity against phytopathogenic\nbacteria","volume":"69","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00226","article-title":"Sulfur-containing\naristoloxazines and other constituents of the roots of Aristolochia\norbicularis","volume":"80","author":"Rios","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00574","article-title":"Asaroidoxazines\nfrom the roots of\nAsarum asaroides induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"83","author":"Ohta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22563","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c09559","article-title":"Aristolochic acids and aristoloxazines are widespread\nin the soil\nof Aristolochiaceae herb cultivation fields","volume":"58","author":"Chin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28483","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c11092","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Aristoloxazines, Aristolochic Acids,\nand Aristolactams Using HPLC\u2013Fluorescence Detection with a\nPost-Column Microreactor: Application in Identifying New Aristoloxazines","volume":"73","author":"Chin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.25073\/2588-1140\/vnunst.5499","article-title":"Analysis of DNA\nMarkers from Vietnamese\nAsarum L. Species","volume":"38","author":"Huynh","year":"2022","journal-title":"VNU J. Sci.: Nat. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit7","unstructured":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Anti-Epidemic Plans:\nThree TCM Drugs\nand Three Herbal Formulas, China Daily2020."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00556","article-title":"LC-MS- and 1H NMR-based\nmetabolomic analysis and in vitro toxicological assessment of 43 Aristolochia\nspecies","volume":"79","author":"Michl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"2026091609082204600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00494-x","article-title":"Aristolochic acid-associated\ncancers:\nA public health risk in need of global action","volume":"22","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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