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This study compared raw straw, carbonized straw (CR), and iron\u2013manganese-enriched carbonized straw (FMCR) to resolve dynamic coupling among rhizosphere biogeochemistry, soil Sb bioavailability, iron plaque, and rice Sb accumulation. Straw return increased pH, SOC, reactive Fe, available K, and porewater sulfate, but decreased Eh and available P, driving stage-dependent Sb immobilization, reductive release, and reactivation. Dominant Sb sink shifted from soil\/carbon matrix\u2013iron oxide adsorption at tillering to iron plaque sequestration during filling\/maturation, with 72.97\u201393.35% of iron plaque-bound Sb associated with amorphous Fe. CR and FMCR enhanced iron plaque formation by 25.35\u201364.15% and 25.64\u2013119.19%, respectively, strengthening root-surface interception and reducing net rice Sb accumulation by 17.84\u201372.14% and 44.81\u201357.94%. FMCR reduced brown rice Sb by 63.09%, highlighting its potential for Sb-safe rice production under practical straw-return management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c07857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:01:37Z","timestamp":1789070497000},"page":"29138-29152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron-Enriched Carbonized\nStraw Reduces Rice Antimony\nAccumulation by Shifting the Dominant Antimony Sink from Soil Adsorption\nto Root-Surface Iron Plaque Sequestration"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-749X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wentao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-4250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]},{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114581","article-title":"The effect of straw-returning on antimony and arsenic\nvolatilization from paddy soil and accumulation in rice grains","volume":"263","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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Safe."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092310072159700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1021\/es2022472","article-title":"Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) in Sb mining impacted\npaddy soil from Xikuangshan, China: Differences in mechanisms controlling\nsoil sequestration and uptake in rice","volume":"46","author":"Okkenhaug","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026092310072159700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.05.033","article-title":"Health risk associated with dietary\nco-exposure to high levels of antimony and arsenic in the world\u2019s\nlargest antimony mine area","volume":"409","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119447","article-title":"Effects of microbial organic fertilizer\n(MOF) application on cadmium\nuptake of rice in acidic paddy soil: Regulation of the iron oxides\ndriven by the soil microorganisms","volume":"307","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130212","article-title":"Nano-Fe3O4-modified biochar promotes\nthe formation of iron plaque and cadmium immobilization in rice root","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135684","article-title":"Identification\nof key factors and\nmechanism determining arsenic mobilization in paddy soil-porewater-rice\nsystem","volume":"479","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117094","article-title":"Exploring the mechanisms of organic\nfertilizers on Cd bioavailability\nin rice fields: Environmental behavior and effect factors","volume":"285","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026092310072159700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01008","article-title":"Pyrogenic\nCarbon Improves Cd Retention\nduring Microbial Transformation of Ferrihydrite under Varying Redox\nConditions","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.099","article-title":"Microbe\nmediated arsenic release\nfrom iron minerals and arsenic methylation in rhizosphere controls\narsenic fate in soil-rice system after straw incorporation","volume":"236","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130075","article-title":"Degradation of organic\npollutants\nfrom water by biochar-assisted advanced oxidation processes: Mechanisms\nand applications","volume":"442","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119837","article-title":"Iron plaque\nformation and its effect\non key elements cycling in constructed wetlands: Functions and outlooks","volume":"235","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092310072159700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114714","article-title":"A new insight into the role of iron plaque in arsenic\nand cadmium accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots","volume":"254","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092310072159700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12244","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02687","article-title":"Iron Plaque:\nA Barrier Layer to the\nUptake and Translocation of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Rice Plants","volume":"52","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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