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However, the pollution-driven alteration in root-associated microbiota and the potential effect factors remain elusive. Here, we systematically investigated the toxic impacts of PAEs on the bacterial communities along the bulk soil\u2013rhizosphere\u2013rhizoplane continuum of maize. PAE pollution caused stronger impacts on root-associated bacterial communities and a more significant reduction of diversities and compositional disturbance than those in bulk soil. Differential ecological assembly patterns and lower interactive stability of root-associated bacterial communities suggested their dysbiosis and weak adaptation against PAE pollution compared with bulk soil. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism function in roots under PAE stress. Upon PAE impacts, significant ROS elevation occurred at the root\u2013soil interface, which significantly shifted the soil bacterial community and inhibited specific species (e.g., Devosia). These findings highlight PAE pollution and its induced oxidative stress in the root\u2013soil interface, impacting the root-associated microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c08941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:01:59Z","timestamp":1790596919000},"page":"31137-31150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phthalate Pollution and Its Induced Oxidative Stress\nin the Root\u2013Soil Interface Altering Maize Root-Associated Microbiomes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Yu-Hong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeng-Yan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Ju","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6577-8660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hai-Ming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-4004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-0002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ce-Hui","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-0929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quan-Ying","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510632"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-2869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Manoa , , , ,","place":["Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026100711072036000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1738854","article-title":"Emission sources\nand full spectrum of health impacts of black carbon associated polycyclic\naromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environment: A review","volume":"51","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. 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Sustain."},{"key":"2026100711072036000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-017-0018-4","article-title":"Soil contamination alters the willow root and rhizosphere\nmetatranscriptome and the root-rhizosphere interactome","volume":"12","author":"Yergeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"2026100711072036000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124208","article-title":"Exposure to fungicide difenoconazole\nreduces the soil bacterial community diversity and the co-occurrence\nnetwork complexity","volume":"405","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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Res."},{"key":"2026100711072036000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130897","article-title":"Thickness-dependent\nrelease of microplastics\nand phthalic acid esters from polythene and biodegradable residual\nfilms in agricultural soils and its related productivity effects","volume":"448","author":"Uzamurera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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Technol."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026100711072036000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c08865","article-title":"New horizons\nin micro\/nanoplastic-induced\noxidative stress: Overlooked free radical contributions and microbial\nmetabolic dysregulations in anaerobic digestion","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"27","key":"2026100711072036000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13551","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00581","article-title":"Distribution\nhotspots, formation mechanisms, and ecological effects of reactive\noxygen species in soil and sediment: A critical review","volume":"59","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100711072036000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14455","article-title":"Environmental interference\nof plant-microbe interactions","volume":"45","author":"Basti\u0301as","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant, Cell Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100711072036000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020268","article-title":"The key roles\nof ROS and RNS as a\nsignaling molecule in plant-microbe interactions","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026100711072036000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-025-00685-w","article-title":"Reactive\noxygen species in the rhizosphere orchestrate the recruitment\nof beneficial bacteria","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2026100711072036000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130292","article-title":"Adaptation\nof bacterial\ncommunity in maize rhizosphere for enhancing dissipation of phthalic\nacid esters in agricultural soil","volume":"444","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100711072036000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17297","article-title":"Seed-borne,\nendospheric and rhizospheric core microbiota as predictors of plant\nfunctional traits across rice cultivars are dominated by deterministic\nprocesses","volume":"230","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100711072036000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.142","article-title":"Contribution of neutral processes\nto the assembly of gut microbial communities in the zebrafish over\nhost development","volume":"10","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100711072036000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00956.x","article-title":"Quantifying the roles of immigration and chance in\nshaping prokaryote community structure","volume":"8","author":"Sloan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711072036000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18560-z","article-title":"A quantitative framework\nreveals ecological drivers of grassland\nmicrobial community assembly in response to warming","volume":"11","author":"Ning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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