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Using metagenomic sequencing, we investigated microbial community assembly, environmental drivers, and metabolic networks during industrial-scale ZRV fermentation. Acetic acid dominated the final organic acids. Community assembly shifted toward deterministic selection with rising acidity, with a slight rebound of stochastic processes in the late stage (R2 values of 0.442 and 0.346 for bacteria and fungi, respectively). Mantel tests confirmed that environmental factors significantly regulated microbial assembly. Co-occurrence networks grew more complex, with positive interactions accounting for 85.24% (bacteria) and 90.10% (fungi) in the late stage. Key genes (ldh, gapA, pgk) from Acetobacter pasteurianus and Lactobacillus acetotolerans dominated late-stage fermentation, while genes (adhP, SDH) from Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae supported early- and mid-stage fermentation. These findings elucidate microbiota-driven metabolic pathways in ZRV, supporting the fermentation window optimization and industrial vinegar quality standardization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:22:11Z","timestamp":1788211331000},"page":"27821-27839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metagenomic Insights\ninto Microbial Assembly and Key\nMetabolic Genes Driving Flavor Formation in Spontaneously Fermented\nZhejiang Rosy Vinegar"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Hao","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang A&F University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 311300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Ru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang A&F University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. 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China, 311300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang A&F University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 311300"]},{"name":"Zhejiang A&F University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 311300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Technology and Business University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Quan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan University , , ,","place":["Haikou, P. R. 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