{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:18:15Z","timestamp":1788254295684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRF 16301923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 16301923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aristolochic acids (AAs) and the herbs containing them are recognized human carcinogens. Emerging evidence indicates that AAs are also food and environmental contaminants, posing significant risks to human health. This study developed a highly sensitive AA detection method by combining automated in-injector denitration with HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC\u2013FLD). The method converts non-fluorescing AAs into fluorescing aristolic acids (ARs) through a dithionite-mediated reaction directly within the HPLC injector port. Following validation for accuracy and precision, this method was applied to measure AAs in herbal medicine and soil samples collected from an herbal cultivation field. This approach, featuring automated in-injector derivatization, offers improved sensitivity and resolution, and selectivity while being less labor-intensive than existing methods for AAs analysis, obviating the need for sample enrichment or cleanup. The adaptable derivatization strategy also shows promise for the sensitive detection of other chemical species with appropriate derivatization agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:02:32Z","timestamp":1786712552000},"page":"26849-26857","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated In-Injector\nPort Conversion of Aristolochic\nAcids to Aristolic Acids for Enhanced HPLC Fluorescence Detection"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ka-Ki","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ching","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-4907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chun-Kit","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola M.","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nis , \u030c, ,","place":["Nis, Serbia, 18000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-7684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zongwei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology Ningbo , , ,","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 315200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-3172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026090104475920600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.06.010","article-title":"Analysis of Products\nSuspected of Containing Aristolochia\nor Asarum Species","volume":"94","author":"Schaneberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104475920600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1039\/c3np70114j","article-title":"Naturally\nOccurring\nAristolochic Acid Analogues and Their Toxicities","volume":"31","author":"Michl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090104475920600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00494-x","article-title":"Aristolochic Acid-Associated Cancers:\nA Public Health Risk in Need of Global Action","volume":"22","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104475920600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.05.028","article-title":"Local\nUses of Aristolochia Species and Content of Nephrotoxic Aristolochic\nAcid 1 and 2--a Global Assessment Based on Bibliographic Sources","volume":"125","author":"Heinrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"412","key":"2026090104475920600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan6446","article-title":"Aristolochic\nAcids and Their Derivatives Are Widely Implicated in Liver Cancers\nin Taiwan and throughout Asia","volume":"9","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl.\nMed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104475920600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1561-5413(07)60003-9","article-title":"Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy: The\nHong Kong Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Poon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hong Kong J. Nephrol."},{"key":"2026090104475920600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2021.100447","article-title":"Herbal Products Containing Aristolochic Acids: A Call\nto Revisit the Context of Safety","volume":"28","author":"Ang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090104475920600_cit8","first-page":"2025","article-title":"Detection of DNA\nAdducts Formed by Aristolochic Acid\nin Renal Tissue from Patients with Chinese Herbs Nephropathy","volume":"56","author":"Schmeiser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104475920600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20316","article-title":"Aristolochic Acid\n(AA)-DNA Adduct as Marker of AA Exposure and Risk Factor for AA Nephropathy-Associated\nCancer","volume":"111","author":"Arlt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090104475920600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.129","article-title":"Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy: A\nWorldwide Problem","volume":"74","author":"Debelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090104475920600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200310163491619","article-title":"Aristolochic Acid,\nan Herbal Carcinogen, Sold on the\nWeb after FDA Alert","volume":"349","author":"Gold","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104475920600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650600671712","article-title":"Aristolochic Acids\nDetected in Some Raw Chinese Medicinal Herbs and Manufactured Herbal\nProducts--a Consequence of Inappropriate Nomenclature and Imprecise\nLabelling?","volume":"44","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026090104475920600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16293","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c06473","article-title":"Analysis of\nHoney and Environmental Samples from BEN Endemic Villages in Serbia:\nIdentification of a Novel Human Exposure Pathway for Aristolochic\nAcids and Aristolactams","volume":"73","author":"Au","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026090104475920600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22563","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c09559","article-title":"Aristolochic Acids and Aristoloxazines Are Widespread in the Soil\nof Aristolochiaceae Herb Cultivation Fields","volume":"58","author":"Chin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Food Chem."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026090104475920600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02203","article-title":"Quantitation of Aristolochic Acids\nin Corn, Wheat Grain,\nand Soil Samples Collected in Serbia: Identifying a Novel Exposure\nPathway in the Etiology of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy","volume":"64","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090104475920600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.03.073","article-title":"Development\nof a Novel Liquid Chromatography-Tandem\nMass Spectrometric Method for Aristolochic Acids Detection: Application\nin Food and Agricultural Soil Analyses","volume":"289","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food\nChem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090104475920600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05337","article-title":"Occurrence and Environmental Stability\nof Aristolochic Acids in Groundwater Collected from Serbia: Links\nto Human Exposure and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy","volume":"54","author":"Tung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090104475920600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00229","article-title":"Determination\nof Aristolochic\nAcids in Vegetables: Nephrotoxic and Carcinogenic Environmental Pollutants\nContaminating a Broad Swath of the Food Supply and Driving Incidence\nof Balkan Endemic Nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Au","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104475920600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/joneph\/21.5.673","article-title":"Balkan Endemic Nephropathy: A Still Unsolved Puzzle","volume":"21","author":"Schiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090104475920600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00903-4","article-title":"Aristolochic Acid I: An Investigation\ninto the Role of Food Crops Contamination, as a Potential Natural\nExposure Pathway","volume":"43","author":"Dra\u0306ghia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090104475920600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.611","article-title":"Detecting Aristolochic\nAcids in Herbal Remedies by Liquid Chromatography\/Serial Mass Spectrometry","volume":"16","author":"Kite","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104475920600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.10.003","article-title":"Rapid Determination\nof Aristolochic Acids I and II in Herbal Products and Biological Samples\nby Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"80","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104475920600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.565","article-title":"Simultaneous\nDetermination of Five Aristolochic Acids and Two Aristololactams in\nAristolochia Plants by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104475920600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S6292","article-title":"Isolation,\nCharacterization and Quantity\nDetermination of Aristolochic Acids, Toxic Compounds in Aristolochia\nBracteolata L","volume":"5","author":"Abdelgadir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104475920600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.03.008","article-title":"Differentiation\nof Herbs Linked to \u201cChinese Herb Nephropathy\u201d from the\nLiquid Chromatographic Determination of Aristolochic Acids","volume":"576","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104475920600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.04.042","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Nine\nAristolochic Acid Analogues in Medicinal Plants and Preparations by\nHigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"73","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090104475920600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1021\/jf053052m","article-title":"A Sensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent\nAssay for Detecting Carcinogenic Aristolochic Acid in Herbal Remedies","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090104475920600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(03)00142-5","article-title":"Determination\nof Aristolochic Acids\nin Medicinal Plant and Herbal Product by Liquid Chromatography\u2013Electrospray\u2013Ion\nTrap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"60","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090104475920600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8154","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00442","article-title":"New Dual-Spectroscopic\nStrategy for the Direct Detection of Aristolochic Acids in Blood and\nTissue","volume":"91","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104475920600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.06.055","article-title":"A Sensitivity Enhanced\nHigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fluorescence Method for the\nDetection of Nephrotoxic and Carcinogenic Aristolochic Acid in Herbal\nMedicines","volume":"1164","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104475920600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.12.076","article-title":"Simultaneous\nAnalysis of Six Aristolochic Acids and Five Aristolactams in Herbal\nPlants and Their Preparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2013Diode\nArray Detection\u2013Fluorescence Detection","volume":"1182","author":"Yuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. 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Food\nChem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090104475920600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1021\/np300822b","article-title":"Conversion of Aristolochic Acid I into Aristolic Acid\nby Reaction with Cysteine and Glutathione: Biological Implications","volume":"76","author":"Priestap","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026090104475920600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28483","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c11092","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Aristoloxazines,\nAristolochic Acids,\nand Aristolactams Using HPLC\u2013Fluorescence Detection with a\nPost-Column Microreactor: Application in Identifying New Aristoloxazines","volume":"73","author":"Chin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026090104475920600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12365","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01874","article-title":"Fabrication of a Simple and Efficient HPLC Reduction Column for Online\nConversion of Aristolochic Acids to Aristolactams Prior to Sensitive\nFluorescence Detection","volume":"95","author":"Chin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090104475920600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)94601-1","article-title":"Comparison of Automated Pre-Column\nand Post-Column Analysis of Amino Acid Oligomers","volume":"386","author":"Chow","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. 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Chem."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026090104475920600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00339a057","article-title":"Mechanism\nof Sodium Dithionite Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones","volume":"46","author":"Chung","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026090104475920600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)80517-7","article-title":"A Novel Procedure\nfor Denitrohydrogenation\nby Na2S2O4-Et3SiH","volume":"30","author":"Kamimura","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"2026090104475920600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147878","article-title":"First Highly Effective Non-Catalytic Nitrobenzene Reduction\nin UV\/Dithionite System with Aniline Production \u2013 Advanced\nReduction Process (ARP) Approach","volume":"479","author":"Cichocki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng.\nJ."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090104475920600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3097","article-title":"Characterization\nand Determination of Six Aristolochic Acids and Three Aristololactams\nin Medicinal Plants and Their Preparations by High-Performance Liquid\nChromatography-Photodiode Array Detection\/Electrospray Ionization\nMass Spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090104475920600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.03.014","article-title":"A Novel Pre-Column\nFluorescent Derivatization Method\nfor the Sensitive Determination of Aristolochic Acids in Medicinal\nHerbs by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence\nDetection","volume":"53","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10023","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/33\/26849\/66543680\/acs.jafc.6c10023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/33\/26849\/66543680\/acs.jafc.6c10023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:48:02Z","timestamp":1788252482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/33\/26849\/5255291\/Automated-In-Injector-Port-Conversion-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}