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Eisenia fetida were exposed for 28 d to soil W concentrations selected with reference to agricultural contamination and toxicity assessment. Despite minimal mortality, W caused concentration-dependent growth inhibition and pronounced reproductive toxicity, with cocoon production declining by 76.4% at 700 mg kg\u20131 and being completely inhibited at 1500 mg kg\u20131. Integrated biochemical, histopathological, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and gut microbiome analyses revealed coordinated responses centered on bioenergetic constraint. Internal W accumulation disrupted redox homeostasis, glutathione-dependent detoxification, mitochondrial energy metabolism, and sulfur metabolism, resulting in ATP depletion, Ca2+ dysregulation, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and tissue injury. W also induced marked gut microbiome dysbiosis. Procrustes and DIABLO analyses supported coordinated responses across omics layers. These findings support a proposed mechanistic framework in which bioenergetic constraint represents an important component of W-associated physiological dysfunction and reproductive impairment in earthworms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:01:56Z","timestamp":1790913716000},"page":"31527-31540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tungsten in Agricultural\nSoil Triggers Coordinated\nBioenergetic Responses and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Earthworms:\nImplications for Agricultural Soil Health"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aohan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-8915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100101"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6336-2496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongkun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong , , 61 Daizong Road , ,","place":["Taian, China, 271018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8995-6804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaoyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4575-6744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huihui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101408101061800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9646","DOI":"10.1021\/es300606x","article-title":"Tungsten\ntoxicity, bioaccumulation,\nand compartmentalization into organisms representing two trophic levels","volume":"46","author":"Kennedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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Manage."},{"key":"2026101408101061800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121899","article-title":"Fe\/Mn (oxyhydr) oxides\nreductive dissolution promoted by cyanobacterial\nalgal bloom-derived dissolved organic matter caused sediment W release\nduring an algal bloom in Taihu Lake","volume":"260","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101408101061800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108276","article-title":"Tungsten contamination, behavior and remediation in\ncomplex environmental settings","volume":"181","author":"Bolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026101408101061800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141053","article-title":"Multimedia tungsten\ncontamination and health risk from tungsten mining and refining","volume":"503","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026101408101061800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128292","article-title":"Tungsten distribution\nand vertical migration in soils near a typical abandoned tungsten\nsmelter","volume":"429","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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