{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:34:14Z","timestamp":1791394454277,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016692","name":"Science and Technology Department of Ningxia Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024BBF01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BBF01014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016692","name":"Science and Technology Department of Ningxia Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025BBF02007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025BBF02007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD130220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD130220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF1000904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1000904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) may impair male reproduction through gut\u2013testis metabolic disruption. ICR mice received 100 nm PS-NPs (1 mg\/mouse\/day) orally for 28 days; fecal microbiota transplantation, metabolomics, sodium butyrate (NaB) supplementation, and TM3-cell assays were used. PS-NPs impaired intestinal barrier integrity and testicular steroidogenesis. Following antibiotic pretreatment, these abnormalities were partially reproduced in exposed-donor recipients relative to control-donor recipients. Untargeted metabolomics showed an FDR-significant decrease in relative testicular butanoic acid levels, while serum butyrate decreased in PS-NP-exposed mice and exposed-donor recipients. In vivo NaB supplementation partially improved reproductive and steroidogenesis-related outcomes in PS-NP-exposed mice. Exploratory analyses and validation experiments implicated a NaB-responsive EGR1\u2013Cyp11a1 regulatory relationship in Leydig cells. These findings suggest that gut-associated butyrate disturbance contributes to PS-NP-induced steroidogenic dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:01:42Z","timestamp":1790607702000},"page":"31151-31166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Exposure to\nPolystyrene Nanoplastics Disrupts\nGut\u2013Testis Metabolic Homeostasis and EGR1-Associated Steroidogenic\nRegulation in Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2955-6314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ejaz Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liudmila","family":"Gerunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Omsk State Agrarian University Named after P.A. Stolypin , ,","place":["Omsk, Russian Federation, 644008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlian","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University , , , ,","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026100711075462200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","article-title":"Are We Speaking the\nSame Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization\nFramework for Plastic Debris","volume":"53","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"6720","key":"2026100711075462200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2746","article-title":"Twenty years of microplastic pollution research-what\nhave we learned?","volume":"386","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130544","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal exposure to\npolystyrene microplastics induces\ntestis developmental disorder and affects male fertility in mice","volume":"445","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131470","article-title":"Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reduced male fertility\nand even caused male infertility by inducing testicular and sperm\ntoxicities in mice","volume":"454","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105369","article-title":"Association of mixed exposure to microplastics\nwith sperm dysfunction:\na multi-site study in China","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"Pt D","key":"2026100711075462200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127705","article-title":"Plastic nanoparticles cause mild inflammation,\ndisrupt metabolic pathways, change the gut microbiota and affect reproduction\nin zebrafish: A full generation multi-omics study","volume":"424","author":"Marana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota promote the propagation of pathologic \u03b1-syn\nfrom gut to brain in a gut-originated mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s\ndisease","volume":"128","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain, Behav., Immun."},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108732","article-title":"Exploring the hypothetical links\nbetween environmental pollutants, diet, and the gut-testis axis: The\npotential role of microbes in male reproductive health","volume":"130","author":"Dubey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100711075462200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.01.014","article-title":"Functional and Taxonomic Dysbiosis of the Gut,\nUrine, and Semen Microbiomes in Male Infertility","volume":"79","author":"Lundy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100711075462200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319127","article-title":"Impairment of spermatogenesis\nand sperm motility by\nthe high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis of gut microbes","volume":"69","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323347","article-title":"Disrupted\nspermatogenesis in a metabolic syndrome model: the role of vitamin\nA metabolism in the gut-testis axis","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100711075462200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01183-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and their role in\nhuman health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Mukhopadhya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100711075462200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary\nFiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial\nMetabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100711075462200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain\nfatty acids: linking\ndiet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nImmunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100711075462200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.01.002","article-title":"Microbiota-derived butyrate\nrestricts tuft cell differentiation via\nhistone deacetylase 3 to modulate intestinal type 2 immunity","volume":"57","author":"Eshleman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30240-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota\nregulates acute myeloid leukaemia via alteration of intestinal barrier\nfunction mediated by butyrate","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100711075462200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.166655","article-title":"Dietary\nbutyrate ameliorates metabolic\nhealth associated with selective proliferation of gut Lachnospiraceae\nbacterium 28\u20134","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95846-6","article-title":"Sodium butyrate promotes synthesis of testosterone and meiosis of\nhyperuricemic male mice","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100711075462200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-2024-660","article-title":"Butyrate improves\ntesticular spermatogenic dysfunction induced by a high-fat diet","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100711075462200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116674","article-title":"Tracing the origin of testosterone-producing\nLeydig\ncells during pubertal development, homeostasis, and regeneration","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31755-w","article-title":"Nestin-dependent\nmitochondria-ER contacts define stem Leydig cell differentiation to\nattenuate male reproductive ageing","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026100711075462200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2508809122","article-title":"STAR\/STARD1:\nA mitochondrial intermembrane space cholesterol shuttle degraded through\nmitophagy","volume":"122","author":"Koganti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62044-x","article-title":"Zika virus disrupts steroidogenesis and impairs spermatogenesis by\nstalling the translation of CYP17A1 mRNA","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.881309","article-title":"Transcription Factors\nin the Regulation of Leydig Cell Gene Expression and Function","volume":"13","author":"de Mattos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100711075462200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002034","article-title":"EGR1 drives cell proliferation by directly\nstimulating TFEB transcription in response to starvation","volume":"21","author":"Cesana","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100711075462200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae116","article-title":"ZEB1 Inhibits\nLH\u03b2 Subunit Transcription\nWhen Overexpressed, but Is Dispensable for LH Synthesis in Mice","volume":"165","author":"Schultz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00722-8","article-title":"Tie1 contributes to the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome\nunder the regulation of EGR1 in granulosa cells","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100711075462200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00824-2","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic\natlas of the human testis across the reproductive lifespan","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100711075462200_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.010","article-title":"Applications\nof single-cell RNA sequencing in spermatogenesis and molecular evolution","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast\nuniversal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100711075462200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: an efficient general\npurpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1382-0","article-title":"SCANPY:\nlarge-scale single-cell gene\nexpression data analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100711075462200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0336-2","article-title":"A scalable SCENIC workflow\nfor single-cell gene regulatory network analysis","volume":"15","author":"Van de Sande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100711075462200_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jia.2024.02.004","article-title":"miR-21-5p\nameliorates Busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction and maintains\nspermatogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture"},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123086","article-title":"Transcriptome and proteome\nanalyses reveal the mechanisms involved\nin polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt spermatogenesis in mice","volume":"342","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01364-2","article-title":"Mining\nthe microbiota to identify gut commensals modulating\nneuroinflammation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Bianchimano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100711075462200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02587-y","article-title":"Feasibility of a dietary\nintervention to modify gut\nmicrobial metabolism in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Riwes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01191-9","article-title":"Short-chain\nfatty\nacid metabolites propionate and butyrate are unique epigenetic regulatory\nelements linking diet, metabolism and gene expression","volume":"7","author":"Nshanian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00972-5","article-title":"Treatment of peanut allergy and colitis in\nmice via the intestinal\nrelease of butyrate from polymeric micelles","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100711075462200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43167-5","article-title":"Gut butyrate-producers\nconfer post-infarction\ncardiac protection","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100711075462200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1760881","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis induces\nthe development of asthenozoospermia through butanoate metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural\nand Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10448","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/39\/31151\/68678737\/acs.jafc.6c10448.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/39\/31151\/68678737\/acs.jafc.6c10448.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:11:03Z","timestamp":1791385863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/39\/31151\/5440104\/Oral-Exposure-to-Polystyrene-Nanoplastics-Disrupts"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c10448","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}