{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:52:07Z","timestamp":1791982327613,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006756","name":"Brigham Young University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BUILD Dairy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human milk (HM) is recommended for infants, as it provides essential nutrients and folded whey proteins, including lactoferrin (LF), that perform antimicrobial functions and aid in gut development. However, many rely on infant formulas (IFs), where there are no clear data on how much folded whey protein is present. We applied differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) to compare folded whey protein in commercial IFs. Overall, we demonstrated that the major brands of IF had significantly different amounts of folded \u03b2-lactoglobulin (\u03b2-LG), the most concentrated whey protein in IF (2.90 mg\/mL compared to 1.83 and 1.02). The CD results confirmed differences in secondary structure between brands (p \u2264 0.05). Our developed DSC method could be used to quantify LF in simulated HM and IFs with added LF. These findings support the use of DSC for quantifying folded whey proteins in the development of IF that better mimics HM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c11376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:01:32Z","timestamp":1790974892000},"page":"31799-31809","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Scanning Calorimetry Quantification of\nFolded Whey Proteins in Infant Formula"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9016-9384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joy C.","family":"Devenport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University , , , ,","place":["Provo, Utah, United States of America, 84606"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Tower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University , , , ,","place":["Provo, Utah, United States of America, 84606"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charity C.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University , , , ,","place":["Provo, Utah, United States of America, 84606"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace H.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University , , , ,","place":["Provo, Utah, United States of America, 84606"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1170-8736","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason D.","family":"Kenealey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University , , , ,","place":["Provo, Utah, United States of America, 84606"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026101408093406500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071993","article-title":"Infant formula\nand infant nutrition: bioactive proteins of human milk and implications\nfor composition of infant formulas123","volume":"99","author":"Lo\u0308nnerdal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J.\nClin. Nutr."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2157792","article-title":"The application of lactoferrin in infant formula:\nThe past, present and future","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev. Food\nSci. Nutr"},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-081318-104308","article-title":"Advances in\ninfant formula science","volume":"10","author":"Ahern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101408093406500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c00186","article-title":"Comparative analysis of whey proteins in human\nmilk using a data-independent acquisition proteomics approach during\nthe lactation period","volume":"69","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n          .  Breastfeeding Recommendations\nand Guidance. Breastfeeding, 2026. Accessed\nJune 15, 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding\/php\/guidelines-recommendations\/index.html."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit6","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n          .  Infant and young child feeding; World Health Organization, 2023. Accessed\nApril 21, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infant-and-young-child-feeding."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101408093406500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922815591881","article-title":"Types of infant formulas consumed\nin the United States","volume":"55","author":"Rossen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635919","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1635919","article-title":"Human milk vs. cow-milk based infant formula proteins:\nstructure, digestion and physiological impacts","volume":"12","author":"Chauvet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812124-5.00013-8","article-title":"Chapter 12\n- Whey Proteins in Infant Formula","volume-title":"Whey Proteins","author":"Fenelon","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101408093406500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1021\/pr401051u","article-title":"Differential digestion\nof human milk proteins in a simulated stomach model","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141365","article-title":"Iron saturation and binding capacity\nof lactoferrin - development and validation of a colorimetric protocol\nfor quality control","volume":"463","author":"Ostertag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101408093406500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180332c8d","article-title":"Lactoferrin induces\nconcentration-dependent functional modulation of intestinal proliferation\nand differentiation","volume":"61","author":"Buccigrossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101408093406500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14162","article-title":"Effects of processing\non structure and thermal properties of powdered preterm infant formula","volume":"83","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101408093406500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6933","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01362E","article-title":"Modification\nof protein structures by altering the whey protein profile and heat\ntreatment affects in vitro static digestion of model infant milk formulas","volume":"11","author":"Halabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.138347","article-title":"Thermal characterization and separation of whey proteins\nby differential scanning calorimetry","volume":"441","author":"Jennings","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194679","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1194679","article-title":"A comprehensive review\non infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent\ntrends in processing and its impact on infants\u2019 gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Bakshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101408093406500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08785","article-title":"Protein digestibility\nand anti-inflammatory activity of processed whey protein ingredients\nfor infant formula","volume":"73","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit18","unstructured":"21 CFR Part 107 -- Infant Formula; Code of Federal Regulations. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/part-107.(Accessed June 25, 2026)."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit19","unstructured":"21 CFR 106.96 -- Requirements for quality factors for infant formulas. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/part-106\/section-106.96.(Accessed Sep 1, 2026)."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101408093406500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(88)80125-8","article-title":"Quantitation of the major whey proteins in human milk,\nand development of a technique to isolate minor whey proteins","volume":"8","author":"Woodhouse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nutr Res."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000490298","article-title":"Human milk\nproteins: Composition and physiological significance","volume-title":"Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series","author":"Donovan","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101408093406500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2020.06.010","article-title":"Peptide array-based inhibition ELISA for evaluating\nantigenicity in infant formulas","volume":"130","author":"Kubo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci.\nBioeng."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026101408093406500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14070","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c03064","article-title":"Differential scanning\ncalorimetry quantification of whey proteins","volume":"73","author":"Jennings","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101408093406500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy2040041","article-title":"The use of membrane\nfiltration to increase native whey proteins in infant formula","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"MDPI"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026101408093406500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500851112","article-title":"Accurate secondary structure\nprediction and fold recognition for circular dichroism spectroscopy","volume":"112","author":"Micsonai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 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Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101408093406500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4557.1988.tb00298.x","article-title":"Protein quality in commercial milk-based\ninfant formulas","volume":"10","author":"Pompei","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101408093406500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13337","article-title":"Whey protein hydrolysates and infant formulas: Effects on physicochemical\nand biological properties","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food\nSci. Food Saf."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026101408093406500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200132","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200132","article-title":"Ultra-high temperature treatment and storage of infant formula induces\ndietary protein modifications, gut dysfunction, and inflammation in\npreterm pigs","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125296","article-title":"Kinetics of heat-induced denaturation\nof proteins in model infant milk formulas as a function of whey protein\ncomposition","volume":"302","author":"Halabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2019.109810","article-title":"Pasteurized ready-to-feed (RTF) infant\nformula fortified with lactoferrin: a potential niche product","volume":"273","author":"Wazed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.109910","article-title":"A highly sensitive nanobody-based\nELISA for bovine \u03b2-lactoglobulin to classified donated human\nmilk destined to susceptible newborns","volume":"153","author":"Rodri\u0301guez-Camejo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food\nControl"},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit37","unstructured":"Human Milk Proteins.\n          :  Composition and Physiological Significance. Accessed May 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.nestlenutrition-institute.org\/publication-series\/human-milk-proteins-composition-and-physiological-significance."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101408093406500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0488-3","article-title":"Growth and tolerance\nof formula with lactoferrin in infants through one year of age: double-blind,\nrandomized, controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.08.030","article-title":"Supplementation of infant formulas with recombinant\nhuman lactoferrin and\/or galactooligosaccharides increases iron bioaccessibility\nas measured by ferritin formed in Caco-2 cell model","volume":"89","author":"Aly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101408093406500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.3","article-title":"Stability\nof lactoferrin in stored human milk","volume":"34","author":"Rollo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.102082","article-title":"Human milk whey proteins:\nConstituents, influencing factors, detection methods, and comparative\nanalysis with other sources","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem.:X"},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105715","article-title":"Innovative targeted protection of lactoferrin enriched whey increased\nthe immunoactivity of infant formula","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"2026101408093406500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaf068","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf068","article-title":"Technical note: optimizing and validating\nan RP-HPLC method to determine lactoferrin in porcine colostrum and\nmilk","volume":"103","author":"Metzger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c11376","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/40\/31799\/68738197\/acs.jafc.6c11376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/74\/40\/31799\/68738197\/acs.jafc.6c11376.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:30:20Z","timestamp":1791981020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/74\/40\/31799\/5444112\/Differential-Scanning-Calorimetry-Quantification"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c11376","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}