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The question was deployed across seven foundation-level inorganic chemistry courses in different institutional contexts. Four overarching categories of ideas emerged from the responses: conductivity, doping, band structure, and the effects of temperature. Responses were analyzed on the basis of these categories. The majority of students discussed conductivity and doping, with fewer discussing the band structure and temperature. Students enrolled in courses with a physical chemical prerequisite referenced more ideas, including more submicroscopic ideas, in their responses compared to students in a course that did not have this prerequisite. Instructor responses included ideas from all four categories as well as more ideas derived from submicroscopic models. This pattern is consistent with experts referring to more resources than novices. Generally, these results provide further evidence of the impact that increased exposure and practice have on learning and development of knowledge. These findings reveal that, although students use ideas from the four overarching categories, they do not fully use those concepts to explain the electronic behavior of solids, which suggests the need for instruction that helps students make connections between macroscopic data and submicroscopic explanations. The resources used by inorganic students and suggestions for how these ideas can be surfaced and integrated during instruction are presented herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.5c01197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:02:20Z","timestamp":1788969740000},"page":"5288-5302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Do Inorganic\nStudents and Instructors Describe\nConductivity in Solids?"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-0351","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Reisner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James Madison University , , , ,","place":["Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States, 22807"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-6042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne K.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lewis & Clark College , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, United States, 97219"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-1430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanne L.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hope College , , , ,","place":["Holland, Michigan, United States, 49423"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-4394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin M.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rhode Island , , , ,","place":["Kingston, Rhode Island, United States, 02881"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8085-5006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shirley","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Naval Academy , , , ,","place":["Annapolis, Maryland, United States, 21402"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie R.","family":"Hallers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Madison University , , , ,","place":["Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States, 22807"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3715-6095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Raker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida , , , ,","place":["Tampa, Florida, United States, 33620"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3805-981X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheila R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan\u2500Dearborn , , , ,","place":["Dearborn, Michigan, United States, 48128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"47","key":"2026101310121035900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803792","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803792","article-title":"From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead-Free\nMetal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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