{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:51:34Z","timestamp":1791553894694,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007224","name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104.06-2025.114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104.06-2025.114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine, KNT) is a naturally occurring cytokinin that has been widely used as an active ingredient in anti-aging skin care products because of its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties; however, its direct radical scavenging activity, particularly toward hydroxyl (HO\u2022) and hydroperoxyl (HOO\u2022) radicals remains poorly understood. Herein, a combined experimental and quantum chemical investigation was performed to elucidate the radical scavenging activity of KNT. The calculated overall rate constant for the neutral KNT species, which predominates at pH 7, was 9.09 \u00d7 109 M\u20131 s\u20131, in good agreement with the experimental value of (4.95 \u00b1 0.08) \u00d7 109 M\u20131 s\u20131, supporting the reliability of the computational approach. The HO\u2022-scavenging activity of KNT was found to be strongly dependent on pH and temperature, with alkaline conditions significantly enhancing the overall reaction rate because of the increased fraction of reactive deprotonated species. In both aqueous and lipid media, KNT exhibited rapid reactions with HO\u2022 radicals through the radical adduct formation (RAF) and formal hydrogen transfer (FHT) mechanisms. Under physiological conditions the HO\u2022-scavenging activity of KNT was comparable to that of well-established antioxidants, including syringic acid, gallic acid, melatonin, edaravone, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and Trolox, whereas its HOO\u2022-scavenging activity was moderate. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the HO\u2022\/HOO\u2022 radical scavenging activity of KNT and highlight its potential as an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.6c01881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1790593329000},"page":"13507-13517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Radical Scavenging\nActivity of Kinetin: Mechanisms,\nKinetics, and the Effects of pH and Solvent Polarity"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7189-9584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quan V.","family":"Vo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Danang\u2500University of Technology and Education , ,","place":["Danang, Vietnam, 550000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi","family":"Hoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Danang\u2500University of Technology and Education , ,","place":["Danang, Vietnam, 550000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Quang","family":"Trung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Danang\u2500University of Technology and Education , ,","place":["Danang, Vietnam, 550000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-544X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pham Cam","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Da Nang\u2500University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Danang, Vietnam, 550000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6428-6760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Mechler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Trobe University , , ,","place":["Victoria, Australia, 3086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026100909090923200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2006.06.024","article-title":"Kinetin\u2500a multiactive molecule","volume":"40","author":"Barciszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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Bot."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909090923200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-020-00348-1","article-title":"Effect\nof exogenously applied jasmonic\nacid and kinetin on drought tolerance of wheat cultivars based on\nmorpho-physiological evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Abeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci.\nPlant Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909090923200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-022-02339-9","article-title":"6-Benzylaminopurine\nand kinetin modulations during in vitro propagation of Quercus robur\n(L.): an assessment of anatomical, biochemical, and physiological\nprofiling of shoots","volume":"151","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue Organ\nCult."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100909090923200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-021-10522-z","article-title":"Exogenous application of cytokinins\nconfers copper\nstress tolerance in Ricinus communis L. seedlings","volume":"41","author":"Sameena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909090923200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-025-02397-w","article-title":"Combined application\nof plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin on maize growth,\nchlorophyll, osmoregulation, and oxidative metabolism under drought\nstress","volume":"25","author":"Khurshid","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2023.105627","article-title":"Kinetin-mediated\nreduction of cadmium accumulation\nin rice (Oryza sativa L.) via modulation\nof cell wall binding capacity in a NO-dependent manner","volume":"218","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909090923200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-026-01818-8","article-title":"Kinetin mitigate\nneurodegenerative damage of Alzheimer\ninduced by beta-amyloid in male rats by antioxidant and antithrombotic\neffects","volume":"41","author":"Movaffagh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909090923200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-022-00320-1","article-title":"Photoprotective\nproperties of new\nderivatives of kinetin","volume":"22","author":"Vosta\u0301lova\u0301","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol.\nSci."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100958","article-title":"The plant\nhormone kinetin in disease therapy and healthy aging","volume":"55","author":"Kadlecova\u0301","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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Drugs Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909090923200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3565127","article-title":"ROS, cell\nsenescence, and novel molecular mechanisms in aging and age-related\ndiseases","volume":"2016","author":"Davalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.01.001","article-title":"Oxidation events and skin aging","volume":"21","author":"Kammeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100909090923200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769900300841","article-title":"Antioxidant\ndefence mechanisms: from the beginning to the end (of the beginning)","volume":"31","author":"Halliwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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Stab."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139648","article-title":"Influence\nof acid-base equilibria on the rate of the chemical reaction in the\nAdvanced Oxidation Processes: Coumarin derivatives and hydroxyl radical","volume":"453","author":"Milanovic\u0301","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124971","article-title":"Advanced\noxidation process of coumarins by hydroxyl radical: Towards the new\nmechanism leading to less toxic products","volume":"395","author":"Milenkovic\u0301","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. 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Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100909090923200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.5b00332","article-title":"Mechanistic\ninsights into two-phase radical C\u2013H arylations","volume":"1","author":"Baxter","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100909090923200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15514","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.0c02258","article-title":"Theoretical\nand experimental studies\nof the antioxidant and antinitrosant activity of syringic acid","volume":"85","author":"Vo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026100909090923200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17237","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.3c02093","article-title":"A comprehensive study\nof the radical scavenging activity of rosmarinic acid","volume":"88","author":"Vo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100909090923200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp43319f","article-title":"A physicochemical examination\nof the free radical scavenging activity of Trolox: mechanism, kinetics\nand influence of the environment","volume":"15","author":"Alberto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909090923200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01588a032","article-title":"Isolation, structure and synthesis of kinetin, a substance\npromoting cell division1, 2","volume":"78","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026100909090923200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10380","DOI":"10.1021\/jp505589b","article-title":"Radical scavenging ability of gallic\nacid toward OH and OOH radicals. Reaction mechanism and rate constants\nfrom the density functional theory","volume":"118","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. B"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100909090923200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7178","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp02801k","article-title":"On the direct\nscavenging activity of melatonin towards hydroxyl and a series of\nperoxyl radicals","volume":"13","author":"Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100909090923200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1021\/jp110400t","article-title":"OH Radical Scavenging Activity of Edaravone: Mechanism\nand Kinetics","volume":"115","author":"Pe\u0301rez-Gonza\u0301lez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Subj."},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2026100909090923200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(00)00404-7","article-title":"Reactions of reducing\nand oxidizing radicals with caffeic acid:: a pulse radiolysis and\ntheoretical study","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.006","article-title":"Mechanistic insight\ninto degradation of endocrine disrupting chemical by hydroxyl radical:\nan experimental and theoretical approach","volume":"231","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026100909090923200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.002","article-title":"Kinetic and mechanistic\naspects of hydroxyl radical\u2013mediated degradation of naproxen\nand reaction intermediates","volume":"137","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909090923200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555805","article-title":"Critical review\nof rate constants for reacitons of hydrated electrons","volume":"17","author":"Buxton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. 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