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However, the requirement for dedicated multi-nuclear hardware and complex, centralized production logistics remains a significant translational hurdle. Here, we investigate the longitudinal relaxation dynamics of hyperpolarized propane gas\u2500a promising, proton-frequency alternative produced via heterogeneous parahydrogen-induced polarization (HET-PHIP)\u2500across a wide range of magnetic field strengths: 0.35 T, 0.55 T, 3 T, and 7 T MRI scanners. In the imaging studies, gradient-echo MRI pulse sequence variants with small flip angle excitation radio-frequency pulses were utilized to record a series of scans to monitor the effective decay of the hyperpolarized state of propane gas in spherical plastic phantoms and excised rabbit lungs. We demonstrate that the effective lifetime (characterized by the constant of a mono-exponential signal decay Td) of hyperpolarized propane is strongly field-dependent, exhibiting a marked decrease from 1.51 \u00b1 0.04 s (0.35 T) to 0.59 \u00b1 0.02 s (0.55 T) to 0.54 \u00b1 0.02 s (3 T) to 0.23 \u00b1 0.01 s (7 T) in phantom studies using an RF flip angle of 5\u00b0. This trend is attributed to the presence of partially retained long-lived spin states at the low field of 0.35 T, which are quenched at higher field strengths as the spin system transitions from the strong-coupling to the weak-coupling regime. Moreover, the unfavorable spin-rotation dominated relaxation results in a further decrease of Td at higher magnetic fields, especially evident at 7 T. Furthermore, we assess the relaxation behavior in excised rabbit lungs at 0.35 T, reporting a Td value of 0.68 \u00b1 0.12 s. This accelerated relaxation of hyperpolarized propane in the lung compared to phantom models is likely driven by susceptibility-induced dephasing and increased surface-to-volume interactions within the alveolar architecture. The results using hyperpolarized propane were also compared with imaging studies using hyperpolarized Xe-129 gas in the excised rabbit lungs at 0.35 T, yielding an effective 129Xe T1 of 11 \u00b1 2 s. These results provide a fundamental biophysical characterization of hyperpolarized propane and underscore its potential as a highly accessible contrast agent for regional pulmonary function mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.6c05094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:01:49Z","timestamp":1791489709000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Field Relaxation\nDynamics of Parahydrogen-Hyperpolarized\nPropane Gas MRI Contrast Agent"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"given":"Clementinah","family":"Oladun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuwandi M.","family":"Ariyasingha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Samoilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Raduanul H.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidhartha","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-7335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleg G.","family":"Salnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Tomography Center SB RAS , 3A Institutskaya st. , ,","place":["Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6077-5487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dudari B.","family":"Burueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Tomography Center SB RAS , 3A Institutskaya st. , ,","place":["Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Xhupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majd","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"McCreadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University , , , ,","place":["Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa M.","family":"Kovtunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Tomography Center SB RAS , 3A Institutskaya st. , ,","place":["Novosibirsk, Russia, 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2312"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-1724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica","family":"Ettedgui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , , 9800 Medical Centre Drive, Rockville , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20850"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf E.","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , , 9800 Medical Centre Drive, Rockville , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20850"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutoshi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, NCI , Building 10 B3B69 , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 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A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101213063399400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.2001.2341","article-title":"Nuclear\nmagnetic resonance of laser-polarized noble gases in molecules, materials,\nand organisms","volume":"155","author":"Goodson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101213063399400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1733836100","article-title":"Molecular imaging with\nendogenous\nsubstances","volume":"100","author":"Golman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026101213063399400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/26631666","article-title":"Silvanus\nThompson Memorial Lecture Molecular imaging\nusing hyperpolarized C-13","volume":"76","author":"Golman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101213063399400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(76)90233-X","article-title":"The signal-to-noise ratio of the\nnuclear magnetic resonance\nexperiment","volume":"24","author":"Hoult","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026101213063399400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601319103","article-title":"Real-time metabolic imaging","volume":"103","author":"Golman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101213063399400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2008.01.008","article-title":"Human pulmonary\nimaging and spectroscopy with hyperpolarized\nXe-129 at 0.2T","volume":"15","author":"Patz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101213063399400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25713-0","article-title":"Assessment of Pulmonary Gas Transport\nin Rabbits Using Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8","author":"Ruppert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101213063399400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162881","article-title":"Imaging\nHuman Brain Perfusion with Inhaled Hyperpolarized 129Xe\nMR Imaging","volume":"286","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026101213063399400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41027","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41027","article-title":"In vivo\ndetection of cucurbit[6]uril, a hyperpolarized\nxenon contrast agent for a xenon magnetic resonance imaging biosensor","volume":"7","author":"Hane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101213063399400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00309","article-title":"An Expanded\nPalette of Xenon-129 NMR Biosensors","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acc. Chem.\nRes."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101213063399400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2011.11.001","article-title":"Xenon for\nNMR biosensing - Inert but alert","volume":"29","author":"Schroder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. 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Crit.\nCare Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101213063399400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4776763","article-title":"Optimized production of hyperpolarized\nXe-129 at 2\nbars for in vivo lung magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"113","author":"Norquay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101213063399400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181dfdae0","article-title":"Xenon ventilation imaging using dual-energy\ncomputed\ntomography in asthmatics: initial experience","volume":"45","author":"Chae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101213063399400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13502","article-title":"A pilot study of function-based\nradiation therapy planning for lung cancer using hyperpolarized xenon-129\nventilation MRI","volume":"23","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101213063399400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11102172","article-title":"Chronic\nObstructive Pulmonary Disease: Safety and Tolerability of Hyperpolarized\nXe-129 MR Imaging in Healthy Volunteers and Patients","volume":"262","author":"Driehuys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026101213063399400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2023.107387","article-title":"Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI at low field: Current\nstatus and future directions","volume":"348","author":"Perron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101213063399400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1063\/1.117022","article-title":"High-volume production of laser-polarized\nXe-129","volume":"69","author":"Driehuys","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101213063399400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-7807(02)00030-7","article-title":"High capacity production of &gt;\n65%\nspin polarized xenon-129 for NMR spectroscopy and imaging","volume":"159","author":"Zook","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101213063399400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.053002","article-title":"Optical pumping\nsystem design for\nlarge production of hyperpolarized Xe-129","volume":"96","author":"Ruset","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. Lett."},{"key":"2026101213063399400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2020.106813","article-title":"XeUS: A\nsecond-generation automated open-source batch-mode clinical-scale\nhyperpolarizer","volume":"319","author":"Birchall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. 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