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Although there are reports of soft matter transport\/phoresis in the gradient of ions or salts in the aqueous system, their phoretic behavior in the presence of macromolecular crowder is largely unexplored. Notably, cellular cytoplasm is illustrated as a crowded milieu and thereby understanding biomolecular phoresis in the presence of polymeric macromolecules would endorse phoretic behavior in a biomimetic environment. Here, we report the phoresis-induced enhanced aggregation and fusion of vesicles in gradients of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent salt (MgCl2), in the presence of polymeric crowder, polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 400 (PEG 400). Apart from diffusiophoresis, depletion force plays a crucial factor in crowded environments to control localized vesicle aggregation in a salt gradient. This demonstration will potentially show the pathway to future research related to spatiotemporally correlated liposomal transport and membrane-dependent function (such as content mixing and signaling) in a physiologically relevant crowded environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.4c03985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T04:26:10Z","timestamp":1726719970000},"page":"9573-9585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Salt Gradient-Induced Phoresis of Vesicles and Enhanced\nMembrane Fusion in a Crowded Milieu"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Reena","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , , Manauli, ,","place":["Knowledge City, India, 140306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neetu","family":"Sivoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , , Manauli, ,","place":["Knowledge City, India, 140306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2554-0762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Subhabrata","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , , Manauli, ,","place":["Knowledge City, India, 140306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5972","key":"2026081805164113200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/310058a0","article-title":"Persistent, Directional\nMotility of Cells and Cytoplasmic\nFragments in the Absence of Microtubules","volume":"310","author":"Euteneuer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081805164113200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(99)80042-6","article-title":"Self-Polarization\nand Directional\nMotility of Cytoplasm","volume":"9","author":"Verkhovsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. 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Colloid\nInterface Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081805164113200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00431","article-title":"Self-Regulatory Micro-\nand Macroscale Patterning of ATP-Mediated\nNanobioconjugate","volume":"17","author":"Shandilya","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081805164113200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2018.02.015","article-title":"Migration of Blood\nCells and Phospholipid\nVesicles Induced by Concentration Gradients in Microcavities","volume":"47","author":"Hartman","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081805164113200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SM00052E","article-title":"Origins of\nConcentration Gradients for Diffusiophoresis","volume":"12","author":"Velegol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081805164113200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511484112","article-title":"Size-Dependent\nControl of Colloid Transport via Solute\nGradients in Dead-End Channels","volume":"113","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026081805164113200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112084002330","article-title":"Motion of a Particle\nGenerated by Chemical Gradients. Part 2. Electrolytes","volume":"148","author":"Prieve","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026081805164113200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9015","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM01588G","article-title":"Diffusiophoresis\nin One-Dimensional Solute Gradients","volume":"13","author":"Ault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026081805164113200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj2457","article-title":"Diffusiophoresis-Enhanced\nTuring Patterns","volume":"9","author":"Alessio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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Mater."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2026081805164113200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4371(95)00206-5","article-title":"Depletion Force in Colloidal Systems","volume":"222","author":"Mao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081805164113200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1740347","article-title":"On Interaction between Two Bodies\nImmersed in a Solution\nof Macromolecules","volume":"22","author":"Asakura","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026081805164113200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9661","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sm51839f","article-title":"Self-Assembly\nof Colloidal Polymers\nvia Depletion-Mediated Lock and Key Binding","volume":"9","author":"Ashton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081805164113200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309938","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309938","article-title":"Regioselective Growth\nof Colloidal Crystals Induced\nby Depletion Attraction","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081805164113200_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0744-2","article-title":"Tunable Assembly\nof Hybrid Colloids Induced by Regioselective Depletion","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026081805164113200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2006.07.025","article-title":"The Polymer and\nSalt Induced Aggregation\nof Silica Particles","volume":"293","author":"Tavacoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081805164113200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3141984","article-title":"Polymer\nDepletion-Driven Cluster Aggregation and Initial Phase Separation\nin Charged Nanosized Colloids","volume":"130","author":"Go\u0308gelein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081805164113200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12060552","article-title":"An Updated\nView of the Importance of Vesicular Trafficking and Transport and\nTheir Role in Immune-Mediated Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"12","author":"Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026081805164113200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024014","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.12.024014","article-title":"Osmotic Delivery\nand Release of Lipid-Encapsulated\nMolecules via Sequential Solution Exchange","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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