{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:26:52Z","timestamp":1789046812323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EEQ\/2023\/000080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEQ\/2023\/000080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Phosgene, a highly toxic industrial chemical, necessitates rapid, reliable, and field-deployable detection technologies because of its widespread industrial use and the risk of accidental release. Herein, we report two ICT-based solvatochromic fluorophores, RHTH-NMe2 and RHTH-NEt2, constructed from rhodamine\u2013thiophene\u2013tetralone fusion frameworks for selective phosgene sensing. Both probes display pronounced solvent-dependent photophysical properties due to strong intramolecular charge transfer and high oscillator strengths linked to the S0 \u2192 S1 transition. When exposed to phosgene, nucleophilic acylation-induced spirolactam ring opening significantly alters the electronic structure and activates an efficient through-bond energy transfer (TBET) process. This process results in a remarkable ratiometric fluorescence enhancement. Spectroscopic investigations and TD-DFT calculations support the proposed sensing mechanism and the associated excited-state transitions. Remarkably, the probes exhibit exceptionally large Stokes shifts exceeding 200 nm. This allows for robust ratiometric visualization with minimal spectral overlap and background interference. To demonstrate practical applicability, wearable polymer-film badges and test-strip platforms were fabricated for real-time naked-eye detection of phosgene vapor under hand-held 365 nm UV illumination. Furthermore, FESEM analysis disclosed phosgene-induced morphological reorganization of the polymer matrix into a porous interconnected architecture, facilitating analyte diffusion and rapid solid-state sensing. This work establishes a synergistic ICT\u2013TBET strategy for developing high-performance solvatochromic sensors for portable chemical safety monitoring and environmental surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.6c03933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T05:05:51Z","timestamp":1787375151000},"page":"9192-9204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electronic Structure-Tuned\nSolvatochromic Probes for\nTBET-Driven Ratiometric Detection of Phosgene in Solution and Polymer\nFilms"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4385-1679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Manna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , , Shibpur , , ,","place":["Howrah, West Bengal, India, 711103"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pintu","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , , Shibpur , , ,","place":["Howrah, West Bengal, India, 711103"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loknath","family":"Pakhira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , , Shibpur , , ,","place":["Howrah, West Bengal, India, 711103"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9452-6729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Debasish","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , , , ,","place":["Patiala, Punjab, India, 147004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-7197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ajit Kumar","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , , Shibpur , , ,","place":["Howrah, West Bengal, India, 711103"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit1","article-title":"Agency for\nToxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Phosgene","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit2","volume-title":"International\nProgramme on Chemical Safety\n(IPCS), Phosgene (Environmental Health Criteria 193)","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12837","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03316","article-title":"Instantaneous\nColorimetric\nand Fluorogenic Detection of Phosgene with a meso-Oxime-BODIPY","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit4","volume-title":"Phosgene: Emergency\nand Continuous Exposure\nLimits","author":"Committee on Toxicology.","year":"1974"},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/4.4.166","article-title":"Phosgene in the thermal decomposition products of poly(vinyl\nchloride): Generation, detection and measurement","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122826","article-title":"Construction\nof a ratiometric phosgene probe by chromophore formation from auxochrome","volume":"236","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2019.213109","article-title":"Recent progress\nin fluorescent probes for detection of carbonyl species:\nFormaldehyde, carbon monoxide and phosgene","volume":"404","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216766","article-title":"Solid-state fluorescent\nfilms for detection of chemical warfare agents: Mechanisms, film engineering\nand integration with machine learning","volume":"540","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord.\nChem. Rev."},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00650B","article-title":"Fluorescent\nprobes for the detection of chemical warfare agents","volume":"52","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.125815","article-title":"Ga Recent advances in organic fluorescent\nprobes for detecting phosgene, mustard gas, nerve agents and their\nmimics","volume":"332","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Spectrochim. 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Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026091008083485700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1039\/D5QI01770J","article-title":"A ruthenium(ii)\npolypyridyl complex\nas a luminescent chemodosimetric probe for selective and sensitive\ndetection of phosgene and nerve agent simulant","volume":"13","author":"Sayala","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. 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