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This interplay is strongly shaped by excess electrons, often introduced by oxygen vacancies, which localize as small polarons and influence charge transport and surface chemistry. At surfaces, these polarons play a central role in charge localization, mobility, and reactivity, yet their finite-temperature dynamics remain difficult to access from first-principles due to the long time scales needed to adequately sample polaron\u2019s hopping. To overcome this limitation, we extend machine-learning-assisted polaron dynamics to redox-active oxide surfaces, using oxygen-deficient rutile TiO2(110) as a paradigmatic case. By accessing several nanoseconds of dynamics over a range of temperatures, we show that small-polaron mobility at the reduced rutile TiO2(110) surface is suppressed by several orders of magnitude relative to the corresponding bulk material, providing a microscopic interpretation of the lower electron mobilities observed in porous rutile TiO2 compared to those in single-crystal samples. This suppressed mobility arises from the loss of favorable hopping pathways: surface polaron motion is largely confined to planar inter-row trajectories within the second topmost layers, with only rare interlayer hopping events. These results establish a transferable machine-learning strategy for investigating polaron dynamics in reducible oxides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:19:06Z","timestamp":1785849546000},"page":"9237-9245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine-Learned\nDynamics of Surface Polarons at Reduced\nOxide Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5648-0719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Leoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita\u0300 di Bologna , , ,","place":["Bologna, Italy, 40127"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7990-2984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cesare","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita\u0300 di Bologna , , ,","place":["Bologna, Italy, 40127"]},{"name":"University of Vienna , , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, 1010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081310070205200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0198-9","article-title":"Theoretical\ninsights into the surface\nphysics and chemistry of redox-active oxides","volume":"5","author":"Rousseau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Materials"},{"key":"2026081310070205200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfrep.2007.03.002","article-title":"Oxygen vacancies\nin transition metal\nand rare earth oxides: Current state of understanding and remaining\nchallenges","volume":"62","author":"Ganduglia-Pirovano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surf. 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