{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:47Z","timestamp":1792784687762,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018784","name":"Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Council\u00a0of\u00a0Scientific and Industrial Research, India","award":["09\/0013(23679)\/2025-EMR-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/0013(23679)\/2025-EMR-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021wm7p51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ultrafast spectroscopic techniques have emerged as powerful tools for unravelling the fundamental carrier dynamics, charge transfer, and excitonic interactions in low-dimensional materials. Among these, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) exhibit remarkable light\u2013matter coupling and nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior. However, most previous investigations have primarily focused on intrinsic excitonic processes, often overlooking the critical influence of structural imperfections such as defect-, grain boundary-, and nanocrack-driven inhomogeneities that naturally arise during synthesis and afterward. These imperfections drastically modify charge transfer pathways and exciton relaxation, thereby altering the material\u2019s nonlinear optical response. In the present work, MoS2 thin films were synthesized via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and were subjected to ultrafast transient absorption (UTA) spectroscopy, revealing a distinct subpicosecond relaxation component, attributed to either self-trapped exciton (STE) formation or highly efficient energy funneling at defect-rich regions. This process occurs on a time scale faster than the typical exciton-trapping time (\u03c41) reported for MoS2, indicating nearly instantaneous exciton localization and transfer within the crystal lattice. A strain-dependent analysis was also carried out to correlate the lattice deformation with the observed charge-carrier dynamics with an estimated strain potential of D \u2248 0.295 eV. Apart from this, open- and closed-aperture Z-scan measurements demonstrated strong third-order nonlinearity, dominated by two-photon absorption (TPA) and self-defocusing effects. The calculated nonlinear parameter absorption coefficient (\u03b2), 2.22 \u00d7 10\u201315 m\/W, refractive index (\u03b72), \u22121.17 \u00d7 10\u201312 m2\/W, and third-order susceptibility (\u03c73), 1.91 \u00d7 10\u201312 esu, confirm a robust defect-assisted nonlinearity in the system. These findings establish a direct correlation between structural integrity, defect-mediated exciton dynamics, and nonlinear optical response in APCVD-grown MoS2, offering new insights into the design of ultrafast photonic and optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1790283739000},"page":"11854-11862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding Defect-Driven\nUltrafast and Nonlinear Optical\nProperties of MoS2 Nanocracks"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sajal","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University , , ,","place":["Varanasi, India, 221005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanyam","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR National Physical Laboratory , Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University , , ,","place":["Varanasi, India, 221005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshu Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University , , ,","place":["Varanasi, India, 221005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-9293","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajiv K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR National Physical Laboratory , Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-5345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anchal","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banaras Hindu University , , ,","place":["Varanasi, India, 221005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10768","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10768","article-title":"1 s-intraexcitonic\ndynamics in monolayer\nMoS2 probed by ultrafast mid-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Cha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101508220941000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.292","article-title":"Ultrafast graphene photodetector","volume":"4","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101508220941000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095302","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0082707","article-title":"Unveiling\nthe electrical and photo-physical properties\nof intrinsic n-type 2D WSe2 for high performance field-effect transistors","volume":"131","author":"Rai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026101508220941000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2023.415569","article-title":"Exploring charge transfer mechanisms and optical properties\nin vdW heterostructures of MoS2 and Bi2Se3 at nanoscale regime","volume":"674","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physica B: Condensed Matter"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171425","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171425","article-title":"Recent\nadvances in multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopy","volume":"5","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Royal Society open science"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026101508220941000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17385","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP03220D","article-title":"Ultrafast dynamics of exciton formation\nand decay in two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (2D-WS 2) monolayers","volume":"22","author":"Eroglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1\u20136","key":"2026101508220941000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.112224","article-title":"A comparative\nstudy of ultrafast carrier dynamics near\nA, B, and C-excitons in a monolayer MoS2 at high excitation densities","volume":"126","author":"Khatua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101508220941000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2025.106073","article-title":"Magnetic response of\nmonolayer H-phase VS2 nanosheets\nat room temperature: Implications for spintronics device","volume":"171","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101508220941000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035414","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.035414","article-title":"Transient absorption\nof transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers\nstudied by a photodope-pump-probe technique","volume":"102","author":"Valencia-Acuna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"39","key":"2026101508220941000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16597","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c04581","article-title":"Ultrafast recombination dynamics\nunder lateral confinement and cryogenic temperatures in colloidal\nMoS2","volume":"128","author":"Frauendorf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101508220941000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10725","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00187","article-title":"Ultrafast\nexciton dynamics in scalable\nmonolayer MoS2 synthesized by metal sulfurization","volume":"5","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101508220941000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155401","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ac4dbf","article-title":"Ultrafast\ncarrier dynamics in a monolayer\nMoS2 at carrier densities well above Mott density","volume":"34","author":"Khatua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101508220941000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200376","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.202200376","article-title":"Ultrafast\nExciton and Trion Dynamics in High-Quality Encapsulated MoS2Monolayers","volume":"260","author":"Genco","year":"2023","journal-title":"physica status solidi (b)"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026101508220941000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13120","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.3c02608","article-title":"Anisotropic nonradiative recombination\nof carriers\nin a few-layered MoS2 probed by Mid-IR ultrafast spectroscopy","volume":"127","author":"Rajput","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00462-4","article-title":"Ultrafast\ntransient sub-bandgap absorption of monolayer MoS2","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light: Science & Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-018-0056-4","article-title":"Strain\nrelaxation via\nformation of cracks in compositionally modulated two-dimensional semiconductor\nalloys","volume":"2","author":"Taghinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj 2D Materials and Applications"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101508220941000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9831","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b05435","article-title":"Atomically\nsharp crack tips in monolayer MoS2 and their\nenhanced toughness by vacancy defects","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101508220941000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08755","article-title":"Photo-oxidative Crack Propagation in Transition Metal\nDichalcogenides","volume":"18","author":"Ben-Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101508220941000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10335","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP00857E","article-title":"Tailoring ultra-fast\ncharge transfer\nin MoS 2","volume":"22","author":"Johansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101508220941000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.041402","article-title":"Effect of point defects\non the optical and transport properties of MoS 2 and WS 2","volume":"90","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101508220941000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.4c01649","article-title":"Optimizing\nLarge-Area Growth of MoS2\nUsing Advanced Precursor Engineering: A Pathway to Scalable and High-Quality\nSynthesis","volume":"25","author":"Rai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101508220941000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045407","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.045407","article-title":"Radiative lifetimes of excitons and\ntrions in monolayers of the metal dichalcogenide MoS 2","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026101508220941000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34322","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12814","article-title":"Defect-mediated\nexciton localization and relaxation in monolayer MoS2","volume":"18","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101508220941000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b00647","article-title":"Charge trapping\nand exciton dynamics in large-area\nCVD grown MoS2","volume":"120","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21601","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21601","article-title":"Ultrafast\noptical microscopy of single\nmonolayer molybdenum disulfide flakes","volume":"6","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101508220941000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"090802","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5116621","article-title":"Highly nonlinear BiOBr\nnanoflakes for hybrid integrated photonics","volume":"4","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apl Photonics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101508220941000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6876","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c01239","article-title":"Large third-order\noptical kerr nonlinearity in nanometer-thick PdSe2 2D dichalcogenide\nfilms: implications for nonlinear photonic devices","volume":"3","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Applied Nano Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16372","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16372","article-title":"Broadband and enhanced\nnonlinear optical response of MoS2\/graphene nanocomposites for ultrafast\nphotonics applications","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29184","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29184","article-title":"Monolayer MoS2 bandgap\nmodulation by dielectric environments and tunable bandgap transistors","volume":"6","author":"Ryou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"05","key":"2026101508220941000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350052","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218863523500522","article-title":"Determination\nof nonlinear refractive index of large area monolayer MoS2 at telecommunication\nwavelength using time-resolved Z-scan technique","volume":"33","author":"Chew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8440","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08440","article-title":"Measuring\nthe refractive index of highly crystalline monolayer MoS2\nwith high confidence","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101508220941000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051106","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0060587","article-title":"Revealing the interrelation\nbetween C-and A-exciton dynamics in monolayer WS2 via transient absorption\nspectroscopy","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101508220941000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075310","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.91.075310","article-title":"Exciton\nband structure of monolayer MoS 2","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev.\nB"},{"key":"2026101508220941000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.112479","article-title":"Impact of pauli-blocking effect on optical limiting properties of\nWSe2 thin films","volume":"129","author":"Surbhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101508220941000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235435","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.235435","article-title":"Screening and many-body\neffects in\ntwo-dimensional crystals: Monolayer MoS 2","volume":"93","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. B"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101508220941000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"084002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.2.084002","article-title":"Substrate screening effects on the quasiparticle band gap and defect\ncharge transition levels in MoS 2","volume":"2","author":"Naik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physical\nReview Materials"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101508220941000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085111","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.085111","article-title":"Theory of exciton-phonon\ncoupling","volume":"105","author":"Antonius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20895-0","article-title":"Exciton-phonon\ncoupling strength in single-layer MoSe2 at room temperature","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101508220941000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195425","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.83.195425","article-title":"Grain boundary loops\nin graphene","volume":"83","author":"Cockayne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physical Review B\u2500Condensed\nMatter and Materials Physics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101508220941000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-00276-0","article-title":"Engineering symmetry breaking in\n2D layered materials","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Physics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101508220941000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800459e","article-title":"Uniaxial\nstrain on graphene: Raman spectroscopy study and band-gap opening","volume":"2","author":"Ni","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101508220941000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L081405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.110.L081405","article-title":"Brightening\nof dark excitons in WS 2 via tensile strain-induced\nexcitonic valley convergence","volume":"110","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101508220941000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.104","article-title":"Population\ninversion and giant bandgap renormalization in atomically thin WS2\nlayers","volume":"9","author":"Chernikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1021\/nl403742j","article-title":"Many-body\neffects in valleytronics: direct measurement\nof valley lifetimes in single-layer MoS2","volume":"14","author":"Mai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026101508220941000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8052","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c01707","article-title":"Strain-enhanced mobility of monolayer MoS2","volume":"22","author":"Datye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026101508220941000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10451","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b04663","article-title":"Defect-mediated charge-carrier trapping and nonradiative\nrecombination in WSe2 monolayers","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem.\nSoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101508220941000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94907035","DOI":"10.26599\/NR.2025.94907035","article-title":"Enhancing dark excitons in monolayer\nWSe2 via strain-induced hybridization with defect states","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Research"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical\nChemistry Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02406","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article-pdf\/17\/41\/11854\/68644671\/acs.jpclett.6c02406.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article-pdf\/17\/41\/11854\/68644671\/acs.jpclett.6c02406.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:30:38Z","timestamp":1792067438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article\/17\/41\/11854\/5438005\/Decoding-Defect-Driven-Ultrafast-and-Nonlinear"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-7185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-7185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}