{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:12:12Z","timestamp":1790255532192,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M762774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M762774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20252189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20252189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025AFB318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFB318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12504434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12504434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctor Project of Hubei Province","award":["2025HBBSHCXB075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HBBSHCXB075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Active metalenses offer a promising route for dynamic focusing and versatile functionalities, overcoming the static imaging limitations. However, despite various tunable metalenses having been studied, achieving continuous wavelength-switchable focusing with convenient tuning strategies remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a microfluidic-integrable metalens for liquid-tunable wavelength-selective focusing in the entire visible range. By injecting common liquids onto the resonant metalens, the operating wavelength can be continuously tailored for switchable monochromatic focusing due to ambient refractive-index-induced resonance variation. As the refractive index of the immersion liquid increases from 1 (air) to 1.58 (methylaniline), the focusing wavelength of the metalens shifts from blue to red, with a tuning range exceeding 180 nm. In addition, we demonstrated that the initial operating wavelength of the metalens can be flexibly selected by engineering the geometry of the resonator, providing wavelength design freedom for tunable monochromatic focusing. Since liquid immersion is a commercial microscopy-compatible strategy, the proposed metalens with monochromatic tunability can promote practical technologies of dynamic focusing and multispectral imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1788944557000},"page":"10903-10909","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Switchable Visible-Frequency\nMonochromatic Focusing\nvia a Liquid-Tunable Metalens"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8083-9647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zejing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9393-6582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Degao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-xing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6187-7699","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenjie","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze University , , ,","place":["Jingzhou, China, 434023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026092408421355400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eady0344","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady0344","article-title":"Breaking the optical\nloss barrier in amorphous silicon across the full visible spectrum\nvia dopant-controlled chemical vapor deposition","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. 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Rev.\nAppl."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026092408421355400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c02763","article-title":"Pushing optical virus\ndetection to a single particle through a high-Q quasi-bound state\nin the continuum in an all-dielectric metasurface","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026092408421355400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2026.250296","article-title":"Cavity-assisted\nnonlocal metasurfaces for momentum-space\nbroadband-operational optical vortice generation with maximum efficiency\napproaching 80%","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. 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Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408421355400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nap2.70031","article-title":"All-Optical Diffractive\nOperators for Rapid, Computer-Free Morphological Transformations","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092408421355400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202503016","article-title":"Metalens Array for\nComplex-Valued Optical Discrete Fourier Transform","volume":"14","author":"Tanuwijaya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092408421355400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5c02144","article-title":"Polarization-Resolved Plant Tissue\nImaging Using a Metalens Array","volume":"13","author":"Khalilian","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092408421355400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7801","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03567","article-title":"Broadband achromatic metasurface-refractive\noptics","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092408421355400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4460","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b01570","article-title":"Ultrahigh\nnumerical aperture metalens at visible wavelengths","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092408421355400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.591466","article-title":"Wavelength-tailorable\ninfrared image\nprocessing via a metal-silicon hybrid nanostack","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408421355400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0226286","article-title":"Metasurface polarization optics: From classical to\nquantum","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408421355400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.583686","article-title":"Integrated\nspectropolarimeter by metasurface-based diffractive optical networks","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Optica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408421355400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0327-7","article-title":"Malus-metasurface-assisted polarization multiplexing, Light: Sci","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092408421355400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/apxr.202500225","article-title":"Dual-Wavelength Switchable Focusing\nvia a Fabry-Pe\u0301rot Resonance-Enabled\nHydrogel Metalens","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092408421355400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01197-y","article-title":"Metasurface\noptofluidics for dynamic control of light fields","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026092408421355400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.573982","article-title":"Single-sized-driven\nquad-channel metasurface for dynamic image display","volume":"50","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092408421355400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b00717","article-title":"Immersion meta-lenses at visible\nwavelengths for nanoscale\nimaging","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092408421355400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b00523","article-title":"Achromatic\nvarifocal metalens for\nthe visible spectrum","volume":"6","author":"Aiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092408421355400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.4c01530","article-title":"Voltage-tunable multifunctional zoom imaging metalenses","volume":"12","author":"Bosch","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092408421355400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16539","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05887","article-title":"All-optical\ntunability\nof metalenses permeated with liquid crystals","volume":"16","author":"Palermo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"41","key":"2026092408421355400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75483","article-title":"Multi-Channel Electrically Tunable Varifocal Metalens With Compact\nMultilayer Polarization-Dependent Metasurfaces and Liquid Crystals","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092408421355400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102646","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102646","article-title":"Electrically tunable\nbifocal metalens with diffraction-limited focusing and imaging at\nvisible wavelengths","volume":"8","author":"Badloe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092408421355400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09395","article-title":"A varifocal\ngraphene metalens for broadband zoom imaging covering the entire visible\nregion","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092408421355400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2026.250216","article-title":"Millisecond-level electrically\nswitchable metalens for adaptive rotational\ndepth mapping and diffraction-limited imaging, Opto-Electron","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408421355400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003394","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003394","article-title":"Strain-multiplex metalens\narray for tunable focusing and imaging","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv.\nSci."},{"key":"2026092408421355400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10318-9","article-title":"Switchable 2D\u20133D display through\na metasurface lenticular lens","volume":"652","author":"Moon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092408421355400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73940-1","article-title":"Printable grayscale\nnano-template for full-colour organic light-emitting diode near-eye\ndisplays with 3D achromatic metalenses","volume":"17","author":"Jeon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092408421355400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8995","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c00702","article-title":"Actively Tunable\nMetalens with Varying Fields of View","volume":"26","author":"Heo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092408421355400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9394","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01831","article-title":"Rapid polarization-controlled\ndepth sensing and imaging with an electrically tunable metalens","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026092408421355400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202501901","article-title":"Liquid-crystal-enabled\nvarifocal achromatic metalens","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laser Photonics\nRev."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092408421355400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400869","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202400869","article-title":"Liquid crystal integrated dynamic\nterahertz metalenses","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical\nChemistry Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02487","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article-pdf\/17\/38\/10903\/68455523\/acs.jpclett.6c02487.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article-pdf\/17\/38\/10903\/68455523\/acs.jpclett.6c02487.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:55:14Z","timestamp":1790254514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article\/17\/38\/10903\/5426772\/Switchable-Visible-Frequency-Monochromatic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02487","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-7185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-7185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}