{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:59:59Z","timestamp":1790258399365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12204313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12204313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrodeposition provides a cost-effective, large-scale, highly reproducible, environmentally friendly, and flexible route for fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet insufficient precursor conversion and severe interfacial defects greatly restrict electrodeposited PSCs\u2019 performance. Herein, we optimize two fabrication processes of HI spin-coating (HISC) and HI steep (HISP) and further apply octylammonium iodide (OAI) surface passivation to the superior HISP process (SPPE) to address these limitations. The HISP process produces more regular PbI2 precursor films with fewer impurities, promoting homogeneous grain growth with enhanced carrier lifetime. Consequently, the champion efficiency improves from 17.02% to 19.12%. Extending HISP with OAI passivation generates a dense two-dimensional perovskite layer that eliminates residual PbI2 and optimizes energy level alignment, reducing trap density, extending carrier lifetime, and boosting champion efficiency to 21.75%, while retaining 80% of its initial efficiency after 1392 h in a N2 atmosphere. This synergistic fabrication process optimization and OAI surface passivation enhance both efficiency and stability, providing insights for the development of high-performance electrodeposited PSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:13:43Z","timestamp":1789460023000},"page":"10993-11002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic\nProcess Optimization and Surface Passivation\nfor High-Performance Electrodeposited Perovskite Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Diyun","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Centao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zebo","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing Institute of Technology , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-7348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kuankuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University , , ,","place":["Shaoxing, China, 312000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092408422078000_cit1","unstructured":"NREL.\n          .  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Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092408422078000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EE00757D","article-title":"A technoeconomic\nanalysis of perovskite solar module manufacturing with low-cost materials\nand techniques","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026092408422078000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202419184","article-title":"Fabricating\nperovskite films for solar modules from small to large scale","volume":"35","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092408422078000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.12.075","article-title":"Electrodeposition\nof organic\u2013inorganic\ntri-halide perovskites solar cell","volume":"378","author":"Charles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power\nSources"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092408422078000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202300964","article-title":"Electrodeposition in\nperovskite solar cells: a critical review, new insights, and promising\npaths to future industrial applications","volume":"8","author":"Al-Katrib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092408422078000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201606156","article-title":"Fast and controllable electric-field-assisted\nreactive deposited stable and annealing-free perovskite toward applicable\nhigh-performance solar cells","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408422078000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15889","article-title":"Direct conversion of\nCH3NH3PbI3 from electrodeposited\nPbO for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408422078000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c04035","article-title":"Improvement\nin efficiency and reproducibility for FAPbI3 solar cells\nwith rapid crystallization","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026092408422078000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2019.05.016","article-title":"Electrochemical approach for preparing\nconformal methylammonium lead iodide layer","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochem. 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Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092408422078000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0303883","article-title":"Octylammonium iodide modification of electrodeposition-converted\nPbI2 for fabricating efficient and stable perovskite solar\ncells","volume":"128","author":"Xue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092408422078000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.566","article-title":"Cross-layer\nall-interface defect passivation with pre-buried additive toward efficient\nall-inorganic perovskite solar cells","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon\nEnergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408422078000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.718","article-title":"Locking\nsurface dimensionality for endurable interface in perovskite photovoltaics","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092408422078000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.70107","article-title":"Defect Suppression\nvia Tailoring Functionalized Additives for Efficient and Stable CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092408422078000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007126","article-title":"Roles of MACl in sequentially\ndeposited bromine-free perovskite absorbers for efficient solar cells","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092408422078000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.06.014","article-title":"Methylammonium chloride induces intermediate phase stabilization\nfor efficient perovskite solar cells","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408422078000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00683-7","article-title":"Mediating the local oxygen-bridge\ninteractions of oxysalt\/perovskite interface for defect passivation\nof perovskite photovoltaics","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092408422078000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0144330","article-title":"Surface passivation\nof sequentially deposited perovskite solar cells by octylammonium\nspacer cations","volume":"1","author":"Loizos","year":"2023","journal-title":"APL Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408422078000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202513281","article-title":"Bidentate Anchoring\nEnables Concurrent Grain Orientation and Lattice\nStrain Mitigation in Wide-Bandgap Perovskites for High-Performance\nAll-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026092408422078000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202503269","article-title":"Customized Multifunctional Additive Regulates 1.67 eV-Wide-Bandgap\nPerovskite Crystallization for Four-Terminal Perovskite\/Silicon Tandem\nSolar Cells","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092408422078000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202410601","article-title":"The Molecular Additive\nN-Acetyl-L-Phenylalanine Delays the Crystallization\nand Suppresses the Phase Impurity for Achieving Triple-Cation Perovskite\nSolar Cells with Efficiency Over 25%","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408422078000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01130-5","article-title":"Synergistic\noptimization of buried interface by multifunctional organic-inorganic\ncomplexes for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026092408422078000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502302","article-title":"Electrodeposition preparation of\nperovskite solar cells with an efficiency exceeding 19%","volume":"21","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026092408422078000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2015.08.026","article-title":"Oxygen bubble-templated anodic deposition\nof porous PbO2","volume":"60","author":"Comisso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026092408422078000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.73286","article-title":"Interface-Triggered\nBulk Electrical Coupling in SnO2 via\nMesoscopic Chemical Reconfiguration for Scalable, High-Efficiency\nPerovskite Photovoltaics","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092408422078000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1039\/D3QM00956D","article-title":"Reinforcing built-in\nelectric field to enable efficient carrier extraction for high-performance\nperovskite solar cells","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408422078000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c02378","article-title":"Modulating residual\nlead iodide via functionalized buried interface for efficient and\nstable perovskite solar cells","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026092408422078000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202215171","article-title":"Rethinking\nthe role of excess\/residual lead iodide in perovskite solar cells","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026092408422078000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301624","article-title":"Ion-diffusion\nmanagement enables all-interface defect passivation\nof perovskite solar cells","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092408422078000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402480","article-title":"All-round passivation strategy yield flexible perovskite\/CuInGaSe2 tandem solar cells with efficiency exceeding 26.5%","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092408422078000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15451-1","article-title":"Reduced-dimensional\nperovskite photovoltaics with homogeneous energy landscape","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092408422078000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2025.101880","article-title":"Enhancing electron transport for efficiency-recorded HTL-free inverted\nperovskite solar cells by molecular complementary passivation","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092408422078000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202411010","article-title":"Rubidium halide additive\nengineering for efficient and stable bifacial\nperovskite solar cells","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092408422078000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202403965","article-title":"Regulating\nthe perovskite crystallization dynamics via dual modulation strategy\nfor performance enhancement of perovskite solar cells","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026092408422078000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202303346","article-title":"Interface\nmodification for efficient and stable inverted inorganic perovskite\nsolar cells","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026092408422078000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700607","article-title":"Matching charge extraction contact\nfor wide-bandgap perovskite solar\ncells","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical\nChemistry Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02542","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article-pdf\/17\/38\/10993\/68507342\/acs.jpclett.6c02542.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article-pdf\/17\/38\/10993\/68507342\/acs.jpclett.6c02542.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:09:12Z","timestamp":1790255352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpclcd\/article\/17\/38\/10993\/5429767\/Synergistic-Process-Optimization-and-Surface"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6c02542","relation":{},"ISSN":["1948-7185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1948-7185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}