{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:27:10Z","timestamp":1786994830836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A model that predicts levels of coronavirus (CoV) respiratory and fecal\u2013oral transmission potentials based on the shell disorder has been built using neural network (artificial intelligence, AI) analysis of the percentage of disorder (PID) in the nucleocapsid, N, and membrane, M, proteins of the inner and outer viral shells, respectively. Using primarily the PID of N, SARS-CoV-2 is grouped as having intermediate levels of both respiratory and fecal\u2013oral transmission potentials. Related studies, using similar methodologies, have found strong positive correlations between virulence and inner shell disorder among numerous viruses, including Nipah, Ebola, and Dengue viruses. There is some evidence that this is also true for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which have N PIDs of 48% and 50%, and case-fatality rates of 0.5\u20135% and 10.9%, respectively. The underlying relationship between virulence and respiratory potentials has to do with the viral loads of vital organs and body fluids, respectively. Viruses can spread by respiratory means only if the viral loads in saliva and mucus exceed certain minima. Similarly, a patient is likelier to die when the viral load overwhelms vital organs. Greater disorder in inner shell proteins has been known to play important roles in the rapid replication of viruses by enhancing the efficiency pertaining to protein\u2013protein\/DNA\/RNA\/lipid bindings. This paper suggests a novel strategy in attenuating viruses involving comparison of disorder patterns of inner shells (N) of related viruses to identify residues and regions that could be ideal for mutation. The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 has one of the lowest M PID values (6%) in its family, and therefore, this virus has one of the hardest outer shells, which makes it resistant to antimicrobial enzymes in body fluid. While this is likely responsible for its greater contagiousness, the risks of creating an attenuated virus with a more disordered M are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T07:29:36Z","timestamp":1601623776000},"page":"4355-4363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Novel Strategy\nfor the Development of Vaccines for SARS-CoV\u20112 (COVID-19) and\nOther Viruses Using AI and Viral Shell Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3635-0806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gerard Kian-Meng","family":"Goh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goh\u2019s BioComputing , ,","place":["Singapore, Republic of Singapore, 548957"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Keith","family":"Dunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Idaho , , , ,","place":["Moscow, Idaho, United States, 83844"]},{"name":"University of Idaho , , , ,","place":["Moscow, Idaho, United States, 83844"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-5857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Uversky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida , , , ,","place":["Tampa, Florida, United States, 33620"]},{"name":"Federal Research Center \u201cPushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d , , , ,","place":["Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia, 142290"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081714262392600_cit1","unstructured":"WHO\n          , Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV); https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019."},{"key":"2026081714262392600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020331","article-title":"Rigidity of the\nouter shell predicted by a protein disorder model sheds light on COVID-19\n(Wuhan-2019- nCoV) infectivity","volume":"10","author":"Goh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026081714262392600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104177","article-title":"Shell disorder analysis\npredicts greater resilience of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outside the body\nand in body fluids","volume":"144","author":"Goh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. 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