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Hence, reliable molecular biomarkers of ccRCC are needed to provide early and minimally invasive detection. In this study, urinary volatilome profiling of patients diagnosed with ccRCC (n = 75), and cancer-free controls (n = 75), was performed to investigate the presence of a volatile signature characteristic of ccRCC. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in general, and more specifically volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs), present in urine were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS\u2013SPME-GC-MS). Supervised multivariate models showed a good discriminatory power of ccRCC patients from controls in urine. Overall, 22 volatile metabolites were found significantly altered between the two groups, including aldehydes, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and terpenoids. A candidate six-biomarker panel, comprising octanal, 3-methylbutanal, benzaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, 4-heptanone, and p-cresol, depicted the best performance for ccRCC detection with 83% sensitivity, 79% specificity, and 81% accuracy. Moreover, the ccRCC urinary volatilome signature suggested dysregulation of energy metabolism and overexpression of enzymes associated with carcinogenesis. These findings provide the molecular basis for the fine-tuning of gas-sensing materials for application in the development of a bioelectronic sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T12:42:17Z","timestamp":1617367337000},"page":"3068-3077","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Urinary Volatilomics\nUnveils a Candidate Biomarker\nPanel for Noninvasive Detection of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-8364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1439-770X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Carvalho-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP) , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4200-072"]},{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4200-072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Jero\u0301nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP) , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4200-072"]},{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4200-072"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2212University of Porto (ICBAS-UP) , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Henrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP) , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4200-072"]},{"name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4200-072"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2212University of Porto (ICBAS-UP) , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-4751","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ma\u0301rcia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]},{"name":"University Fernando Pessoa , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4249-004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Guedes de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto , , ,","place":["Porto, Portugal, 4050-313"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics\n2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and\nMortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ca-Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz056","article-title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma: ESMO Clinical\nPractice Guidelines\nfor Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up","volume":"30","author":"Escudier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann.\nOncol."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0211-5","article-title":"The Cancer Genome\nAtlas of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Findings\nand Clinical Implications","volume":"16","author":"Linehan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.12.004","article-title":"An Integrated\nMetabolic\nAtlas of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Hakimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer\nCell"},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit5","first-page":"8","article-title":"Challenges\nand Opportunities in the Proteomic Characterization of Clear Cell\nRenal Cell Carcinoma (CcRCC): A Critical Step towards the Personalized\nCare of Renal Cancers","volume-title":"Seminars in Cancer\nBiology","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1704259","article-title":"Role of Metabolomics-Derived\nBiomarkers to Identify Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Perspective\nof the Past Ten Years and Advancements","volume":"20","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert\nRev. Mol. 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Rep."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-018-0288-5","article-title":"The Volatilome - Investigation\nof Volatile Organic\nMetabolites (VOM) as Potential Tumor Markers in Patients with Head\nand Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)","volume":"47","author":"Opitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\nOtolaryngol. - Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.05.035","article-title":"Solid-Phase\nMicroextraction\u2013Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry\nMethod Validation for the Determination of Endogenous Substances:\nUrinary Hexanal and Heptanal as Lung Tumor Biomarkers","volume":"701","author":"Guadagni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. 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Proteome Res."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-298","article-title":"Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Expression\nin Primary and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemistry\nStudy","volume":"11","author":"Abourbih","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020415","article-title":"Glyoxalases in Urological Malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Antognelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.05.001","article-title":"The Alterations\nin Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activities in\nthe Sera of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Orywal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103723","article-title":"Urine Metabolomic Analysis in Clear Cell and Papillary\nRenal Cell Carcinoma: A Pilot Study","volume":"218","author":"Oto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"2026081415110029200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0458-1","article-title":"Naphthalene\n- An Environmental and\nOccupational Toxicant","author":"Preuss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. 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