{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:23:02Z","timestamp":1788535382526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA ES101074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA ES101074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01-DE000704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01-DE000704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA AG000522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA AG000522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA AR041170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA AR041170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA AR041232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA AR041232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prior research investigated limited antibody sets within individual autoimmune diseases. Using the Nucleic-Acid Programmable Protein Array platform, we measured antibodies against 280 human, 40 viral, and 15 bacterial antigens in serum from 237 patients with 8 autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune gastritis (AG), autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), celiac disease (CD), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjo\u0308gren\u2019s disease (SjD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 112 controls. Candidate antibodies were identified by combining Firth logistic regression and machine learning. We identified disease-specific antibodies, ranging from 3 in IIM to 13 in SLE for IgG and 1 in CD to 13 in AG for IgA. Additionally, 63 IgG and 44 IgA antibodies were shared across two or more diseases. Notably, two IgG autoantibodies overlapped in up to five diseases: directed against STNM4 (SLE, SjD, T1D, CD, and RA) and TRIM21 (SLE, SjD, IIM, CD, and RA); and three IgA antibodies in up to seven diseases: directed against H1N1 Influenza A virus NP (IIM, SjD, AG, T1D, CD, RA, and AT) and Coxsackievirus B3MK012537 and Enterovirus C PVgp1 (IIM, SjD, AG, T1D, CD, SLE, and RA). These findings underscore the potential of antibody profiling in autoimmune disease characterization and biomarker discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:04:34Z","timestamp":1785949474000},"page":"4407-4418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoproteomic Profiling of Autoantibodies and Antibodies\nagainst Infectious Agents in Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-1662","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Choa","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21224"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University , , , ,","place":["Tempe, Arizona, United States, 85281"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Constanza","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute , , , ,","place":["Rockville, Maryland, United States, 20850"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University , , , ,","place":["Tempe, Arizona, United States, 85281"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-9697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"LaBaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University , , , ,","place":["Tempe, Arizona, United States, 85281"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyokyoung G.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute , , , ,","place":["Rockville, Maryland, United States, 20850"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddy","family":"Edie-Booker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21224"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byunghyun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Konrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga East University Hospital , , ,","place":["Riga, Latvia, LV-1038"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Schiffenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa G.","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarfaraz","family":"Hasni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake M.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcis","family":"Leja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga East University Hospital , , ,","place":["Riga, Latvia, LV-1038"]},{"name":"University of Latvia , , ,","place":["Riga, Latvia, LV-1586"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minkyo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21224"]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute , , , ,","place":["Rockville, Maryland, United States, 20850"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit1","volume-title":"Enhancing\nNIH Research on Autoimmune Disease","author":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10391","key":"2026090409125947100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","article-title":"Incidence,\nprevalence,\nand co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex,\nand socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million\nindividuals in the UK","volume":"401","author":"Conrad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266","article-title":"The increasing\nprevalence of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: an urgent call\nto action for improved understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090409125947100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0895","article-title":"Nature and functions of autoantibodies","volume":"4","author":"Elkon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.953726","article-title":"Autoantibodies-enemies,\nand\/or potential allies?","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit6","volume-title":"Infection\nand Autoimmunity","author":"Mahroum","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28134","article-title":"COVID-19 is associated\nwith bystander polyclonal autoreactive B cell activation as reflected\nby a broad autoantibody production, but none is linked to disease\nseverity","volume":"95","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090409125947100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835461d3","article-title":"Streptococcus\nand rheumatic fever","volume":"24","author":"Cunningham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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Proteome Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090409125947100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04690-22","article-title":"Comparative Analysis\nof Antimicrobial Antibodies between Mild and Severe COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090409125947100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S277","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.065953","article-title":"Identification\nof antibody\ntargets for tuberculosis serology using high-density nucleic acid\nprogrammable protein arrays","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101317","article-title":"Immunoglobulin responses at the mucosal\ninterface","volume":"29","author":"Cerutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00222","article-title":"Secretory\nIgA: designed for anti-microbial defense","volume":"4","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front.\nimmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13521","article-title":"Relationship\nbetween natural and infection-induced antibodies in systemic autoimmune\ndiseases (SAD): SLE, SSc and RA","volume":"203","author":"Bo\u0308ro\u0308cz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp.\nImmunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090409125947100_cit20","article-title":"Multiple autoimmune syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maedica"},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00073","article-title":"Intestinal anti-tissue transglutaminase2 autoantibodies:\npathogenic and clinical implications for celiac disease","volume":"7","author":"Maglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78938-7","article-title":"Thyroid antibodies in\nHashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis patients are positively associated\nwith inflammation and multiple symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000076","article-title":"Presence of anti-GAD\nin a non-diabetic population of adults; time\ndynamics and clinical influence: results from the HUNT study","volume":"3","author":"S\u00f8rgjerd","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ. Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738473","article-title":"TRIM21\/Ro52-roles\nin innate immunity\nand autoimmune disease","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090409125947100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.19","article-title":"Autoimmunity\nin Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis: role of estrogen in suppressing\nautoimmunity","volume":"5","author":"Huber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090409125947100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762","article-title":"Viruses and autoimmunity: a review on the potential\ninteraction and molecular mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Smatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090409125947100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.115592","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 Infection\nIs Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease\nin Adults","volume":"19","author":"Heidari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603","article-title":"Mechanisms of autoantibody-induced\npathology","volume":"8","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x","article-title":"The \u2018hygiene\nhypothesis\u2019 for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update","volume":"160","author":"Okada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090409125947100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.111","article-title":"The hygiene\nhypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals","volume":"18","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090409125947100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1086\/587063","article-title":"Vaccination\nin patients with chronic rheumatic or autoimmune\ndiseases","volume":"46","author":"Glu\u0308ck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090409125947100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241156","article-title":"A systematic review\nand meta-analysis for association of Helicobacter pylori colonization\nand celiac disease","volume":"16","author":"Amlashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090409125947100_cit33","first-page":"1546","article-title":"Association\nbetween systemic lupus erythematosus and Helicobacter pylori seronegativity","volume":"31","author":"Sawalha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l231","article-title":"Enterovirus\nas trigger\nof coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth\ncohort","volume":"364","author":"Kahrs","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090409125947100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2017.1362464","article-title":"Influenza and risk of\nlater celiac disease: a cohort study of 2.6 million people","volume":"53","author":"K\u00e5rhus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090409125947100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013528","article-title":"Association between\nHelicobacter pylori infection and Sjo\u0308gren syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090409125947100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000621","article-title":"Frequency\nand significance\nof parvovirus B19 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"97","author":"Naciute","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090409125947100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-022-00507-z","article-title":"Influenza adverse events\nin patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, or psoriatic\narthritis in the tofacitinib clinical development programs","volume":"10","author":"Winthrop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8294-7","article-title":"Molecular\nmimicry as a mechanism\nof autoimmune disease","volume":"42","author":"Cusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090409125947100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400612","article-title":"Antiviral antibody profiling\nby high-density protein arrays","volume":"15","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090409125947100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3390\/microarrays4020214","article-title":"NAPPA\nas a real new method for protein microarray generation","volume":"4","author":"Di\u0301ez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microarrays"},{"key":"2026090409125947100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01951","article-title":"The molecular\nmechanisms\nthat underlie the immune biology of anti-drug antibody formation following\ntreatment with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Vaisman-Mentesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front.\nImmunol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Proteome Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00950","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jprobs\/article-pdf\/25\/9\/4407\/66418195\/acs.jproteome.5c00950.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jprobs\/article-pdf\/25\/9\/4407\/66418195\/acs.jproteome.5c00950.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:53:52Z","timestamp":1788533632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jprobs\/article\/25\/9\/4407\/5246481\/Immunoproteomic-Profiling-of-Autoantibodies-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3893","1535-3907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3893","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-3907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}}}