{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:53:38Z","timestamp":1790949218624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the dominant supplement in mammalian cell culture, yet its quality grades are typically treated as fixed, defined inputs despite a poorly characterized molecular basis. We present a multi-omics meta-analysis integrating original proteomics, peptidomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics datasets from two companion studies across three commercial FBS grades (Low, Medium, High), using MOFA2, DIABLO, cross-omics correlation networks, and WGCNA. Integrated multi-omics embeddings achieved markedly superior grade separation (silhouette score 0.98) versus any single omics layer (0.80\u20130.87). MOFA2 identified a shared proteomics\u2013metabolomics\u2013peptidomics quality axis, while ceramides and sphingolipids emerged as central cross-omics hubs, and HERC2P9-derived peptides and diethylstilbestrol as grade-discriminating features. Because each grade was represented by a single commercial lot, grade and batch are confounded here, and the reported differences should be read as lot-associated, pending multi-lot validation. Rather than certifying FBS grade as a fixed molecular category, this study is intended as an open resource: it demonstrates the depth of coordinated molecular variation across commercial FBS products and provides a reproducible multi-omics framework, with all raw data and analysis code openly deposited, for researchers to characterize their own serum lots before biologically sensitive work, rather than assuming compositional equivalence from a grade label alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6c00372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:02:20Z","timestamp":1788879740000},"page":"5356-5375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Omics Network\nIntegration Reveals Cross-Domain\nMolecular Correlates of Fetal Bovine Serum Grade"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-8590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akila","family":"Wijerathna-Yapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University , , PO Box 15000 , , ,","place":["Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arslan","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bonn , , Regina-Pacis-Weg 3 , ,","place":["Bonn, Germany, 53113"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Sokolenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University , , PO Box 15000 , , ,","place":["Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6577","key":"2026100208424918300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm1317","article-title":"Fetal Bovine Serum\u2500a Cell Culture Dilemma","volume":"375","author":"Van Der Valk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208424918300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1705101","article-title":"Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS): Past\u2013Present\u2013Future","volume":"35","author":"Van Der Valk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Altex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208424918300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2012141","article-title":"Replacing Fetal Bovine\nSerum (FBS) in Research and\nTesting","volume":"38","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"ALTEX-Altern. Anim. Exp."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100208424918300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07686","article-title":"Alternative\nto FBS in Animal Cell Culture-An Overview and Future Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Chelladurai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100208424918300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300126","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300126","article-title":"Debottlenecking\nand Reformulating Feed Media for Improved CHO Cell Growth and Titer\nby Data-Driven and Model-Guided Analyses","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol.\nJ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100208424918300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290203000208","article-title":"The Use of\nFetal Bovine Serum: Ethical or Scientific Problem?","volume":"30","author":"Jochems","year":"2002","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100208424918300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02617963","article-title":"Quality\nControl Studies on Fetal Bovine Serum Used in Tissue Culture","volume":"7","author":"Boone","year":"1971","journal-title":"Vitro"},{"key":"2026100208424918300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314241300388","article-title":"Animal-Derived Free Hydrolysate in Animal Cell Culture: Current Research\nand Application Advances","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208424918300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-015-0063-7","article-title":"Fetal Bovine\nSerum: Geographic Origin and Regulatory Relevance of Viral Contamination","volume":"2","author":"Hawkes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess"},{"key":"2026100208424918300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108564","article-title":"Re-Imagining\nHuman Cell Culture Media: Challenges, Innovations, and Future Directions","volume":"81","author":"Wijerathna-Yapa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100208424918300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c01097","article-title":"What Is in Fetal Bovine Serum Used for Cell Culture?\nIntegrated Proteomics and Peptidomics Reveal Grade-Dependent Molecular\nProfiles","volume":"25","author":"Wijerathna-Yapa","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"2026100208424918300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2026.04.021","article-title":"Uncovering\nthe Small-Molecule Landscape of Fetal Bovine\nSerum: Integrated Untargeted Metabolomics and Lipidomics Identify\nCompositional Programs in Three Commercial Grade Products","volume":"158","author":"Wijerathna-Yapa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100208424918300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20178124","article-title":"Multi-Omics\nFactor Analysis\u2500a Framework for Unsupervised Integration of\nMulti-omics Data Sets","volume":"14","author":"Argelaguet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208424918300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02015-1","article-title":"MOFA+: A Statistical Framework for\nComprehensive Integration of Multi-Modal Single-Cell Data","volume":"21","author":"Argelaguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100208424918300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty1054","article-title":"DIABLO:\nAn Integrative Approach for\nIdentifying Key Molecular Drivers from Multi-Omics Assays","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100208424918300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.13345\/j.cjb.170006","article-title":"Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network\nAnalysis in Biomedicine Research","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Gong\nCheng Xue Bao"},{"key":"2026100208424918300_cit17","volume-title":"Complete\nMass Spectrometry Dataset and Analysis Files for Multi-Omics Characterization\nof Commercial Fetal Bovine Serum Quality","author":"Wijerathna-Yapa","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100208424918300_cit18","volume-title":"Complete\nMass Spectrometry Dataset and Analysis Files for Lipidomics Characterization\nof Commercial Fetal Bovine Serum","author":"Wijerathna-Yapa","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100208424918300_cit19","volume-title":"Complete\nMass Spectrometry Dataset and Analysis Files for Metabolomics Characterization\nof Commercial Fetal Bovine Serum","author":"Wijerathna-Yapa","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100208424918300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005752","article-title":"K.-A. mixOmics:\nAn\nR Package for \u2018omics Feature Selection and Multiple Data Integration","volume":"13","author":"Rohart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. 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B Methodol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100208424918300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma Powers Differential\nExpression Analyses for RNA-Sequencing\nand Microarray Studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100208424918300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1411","article-title":"Biologically Active\nSphingolipids in Cancer Pathogenesis\nand Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Ogretmen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100208424918300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2329","article-title":"Principles of Bioactive\nLipid Signalling: Lessons from\nSphingolipids","volume":"9","author":"Hannun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. 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