{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:53:14Z","timestamp":1790949194490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024SF-GJHX-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SF-GJHX-41"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry and Biology","award":["23JHQ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JHQ050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although aberrant glycosylation is closely associated with lung cancer (LC), salivary glycopatterns and their discriminatory value across healthy individuals, benign pulmonary disease, and LC remain insufficiently characterized. We profiled saliva from 307 participants using a lectin microarray, comprising a development cohort of 227 participants and an independent test cohort of 80 participants. Five task-specific LASSO-logistic regression models were constructed to distinguish pulmonary disease, LC, and LC subtypes. A separate Nom-LC model combined consensus lectin features selected by LASSO and support vector machine recursive feature elimination with clinical variables. Salivary glycopatterns differed among healthy volunteers, benign pulmonary disease, and LC groups, and the five task-specific models showed discriminatory performance across pulmonary disease, LC, and exploratory subtype classification tasks. The resulting Nom-LC model incorporated smoking history and four lectin signals (HHL, PNA, RCA120, and PWM), yielding AUCs of 0.908 and 0.907 in the training and internal validation sets. In the independent test cohort, the AUC was 0.903 (95% CI, 0.831\u20130.976); at the prespecified cutoff, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 86.36%, 94.44%, and 90.00%, respectively. These findings support further evaluation of salivary glycopatterns as an auxiliary tool for LC risk stratification, but prospective multicenter validation is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6c00376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:02:04Z","timestamp":1789498924000},"page":"5391-5403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salivary Glycoprofiling\nvia a Machine Learning-Augmented\nLectin Microarray for Noninvasive Risk Stratification of Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-397X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haoqi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changchang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-4218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South China , , ,","place":["Hengyang, China, 421001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1839-3450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026100208421820000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics\n2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for\n36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ca-Cancer J. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208421820000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0343-y","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomics\nin Lung Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100208421820000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4065\/83.5.584","article-title":"Non-Small\nCell Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Survivorship","volume":"83","author":"Molina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"issue":"630","key":"2026100208421820000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abk2756","article-title":"Lung Cancer scRNA-Seq\nand Lipidomics Reveal Aberrant Lipid Metabolism for Early-Stage Diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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Proteome Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100208421820000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.1c00701","article-title":"Integrated N-Glycoproteomics\nAnalysis of Human Saliva for Lung Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\nProteome Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100208421820000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2024123","article-title":"Deciphering\nDisease through Glycan Codes: Leveraging Lectin Microarrays for Clinical\nInsights","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100208421820000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400096w","article-title":"Age- and Sex-Associated\nDifferences in the Glycopatterns of Human\nSalivary Glycoproteins and Their Roles against Influenza A Virus","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100208421820000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00544-y","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Glycosphingolipid\nGlycans by Lectin Microarrays and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208421820000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression\nShrinkage and Selection Via the Lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. R.\nStat. Soc. Ser. B. Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"2026100208421820000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/795624","article-title":"SVM-RFE\nBased Feature Selection and Taguchi Parameters Optimization for Multiclass\nSVM Classifier","volume":"2014","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"2026100208421820000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876245","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.876245","article-title":"Glycosylated Cathepsin V Serves as a Prognostic Marker\nin Lung Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100208421820000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.07.019","article-title":"Fucosylated Glycoproteomic Approach\nto Identify a Complement Component 9 Associated with Squamous Cell\nLung Cancer (SQLC)","volume":"74","author":"Narayanasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"2026100208421820000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.04.031","article-title":"Differential Proteomic\nApproach for Identification\nand Verification of Aberrantly Glycosylated Proteins in Adenocarcinoma\nLung Cancer (ADLC) Plasmas by Lectin-Capturing and Targeted Mass Spectrometry","volume":"106","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100208421820000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu115","article-title":"Differentially Expressed\nGlycosylated Patterns of \u03b1-1-Antitrypsin\nas Serum Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"2026100208421820000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146089","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G N-Glycan Signatures as Potential Diagnostic\nand Predictive Biomarkers for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"320","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100208421820000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1021\/pr5006668","article-title":"Glycoproteomics\nApproach for Identifying Glycobiomarker Candidate Molecules for Tissue\nType Classification of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Hirao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100208421820000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7181","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ra10077f","article-title":"Alterations\nin Serum Protein Glycopatterns Related to Small Cell Lung Cancer,\nAdenocarcinoma and Squamous Carcinoma of the Lung","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"2026100208421820000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568433","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.568433","article-title":"Protein Glycopatterns\nin Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid as Novel Potential Biomarkers for\nDiagnosis of Lung Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100208421820000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05751-x","article-title":"Alterations\nof Mannosylated Glycopatterns Recognized by Hippeastrum Hybrid Lectin\nin Saliva of Patients with Lung Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin.\nOral Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100208421820000_cit34","first-page":"180","article-title":"Lectin Binding\nby Liver and Lung\nMetastasizing Variants of the Murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma","volume":"132","author":"Kahn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol"},{"key":"2026100208421820000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-019-9240-6","article-title":"Stage-Associated\nDifferences in the Serum N- and O-Glycan Profiles of Patients with\nNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Proteomics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100208421820000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws108","article-title":"Smoking\nand Lung\nCancer-Induced Changes in N-Glycosylation of Blood Serum Proteins","volume":"22","author":"Vasseur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Proteome Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6c00376","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jprobs\/article-pdf\/25\/10\/5391\/68521532\/acs.jproteome.6c00376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jprobs\/article-pdf\/25\/10\/5391\/68521532\/acs.jproteome.6c00376.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:54:46Z","timestamp":1790945686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jprobs\/article\/25\/10\/5391\/5430619\/Salivary-Glycoprofiling-via-a-Machine-Learning"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6c00376","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3893","1535-3907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3893","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-3907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}