{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:42:05Z","timestamp":1786542125011,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["lzujbky-2021-ey20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2021-ey20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11974150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11974150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12374110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12374110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12574120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12574120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Efficient charge-to-spin conversion requires strong spin\u2013orbit coupling and tunable electronic transport. Here we use chalcogen chemistry to regulate spin\u2013orbit-torque generation in c-axis-oriented PtX2 (X = Te, Se) thin films. PtTe2\/Py and PtSe2\/Py heterostructures were fabricated using the same sputtering\u2013chemical vapor deposition and lithographic framework for direct spin-transport comparison. Harmonic Hall measurements, current-partition correction, and thickness-dependent drift-diffusion analysis yield an effective spin Hall angle of \u03b8SH \u2248 0.23 for PtSe2\/Py, more than twice that of PtTe2\/Py (\u03b8SH \u2248 0.10). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transport measurements, and bulk electronic-structure calculations link Te-to-Se substitution to changes in Pt\u2013X bonding, near-Fermi-level states, and metallicity. Over the investigated thickness range, PtTe2\/Py shows a predominantly bulk-SHE-like response, whereas the larger damping-like torque in PtSe2\/Py is consistent with a proximity-modified interfacial contribution. Chalcogen chemistry controls the balance between bulk and interfacial charge-to-spin conversion in Pt-based dichalcogenide heterostructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c00525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:17:50Z","timestamp":1785849470000},"page":"10132-10139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harnessing\nChalcogen Chemistry for High-Efficiency\nCharge-to-Spin Conversion in PtX2 (X = Te, Se) Thin Films"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaikai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalu","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingsu","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]},{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-8197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-2417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026081209073135700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-022-2012-2","article-title":"Spintronics Intelligent Devices","volume":"66","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081209073135700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6960","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c09150","article-title":"The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional\nvan Der Waals Materials","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081209073135700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2024.107630","article-title":"Wafer-Scale Synthesis of 2D PtTe2 Thin Films with High Spin-Orbit Torque Efficiency","volume":"60","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026081209073135700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415802","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ace4b1","article-title":"Field-Free Spin-Orbit\nTorque Switching in Interlayer Exchange Coupled Co\/Ta\/CoTb","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081209073135700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165424","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.165424","article-title":"Current-Induced Torques in Structures\nwith Ultrathin IrMn Antiferromagnets","volume":"92","author":"Reichlova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. B"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081209073135700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222402","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0074629","article-title":"Angle Resolved Second Harmonic Technique for Precise\nEvaluation of Spin Orbit Torque in Strong Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy\nSystems","volume":"119","author":"Shirokura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081209073135700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0438-6","article-title":"Magnetic\n2D Materials and Heterostructures","volume":"14","author":"Gibertini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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Solid State Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081209073135700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021004","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/3\/2\/021004","article-title":"Raman Characterization\nof Platinum Diselenide Thin Films","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081209073135700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11925","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c04060","article-title":"Magnetic-Proximity-Induced\nEfficient Charge-to-Spin\nConversion in Large-Area PtSe2\/Ni80Fe20 Heterostructures","volume":"23","author":"Mudgal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026081209073135700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174412","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.96.174412","article-title":"Spin Hall Magnetoresistance in Heavy-Metal\/Metallic-Ferromagnet\nMultilayer Structures","volume":"96","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081209073135700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04368","article-title":"Room-Temperature Spin Hall Effect in Graphene\/MoS2 van Der Waals Heterostructures","volume":"19","author":"Safeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081209073135700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.184402","article-title":"Layer-Dependent\nSpin-Orbit Torques Generated by the\nCentrosymmetric Transition Metal Dichalcogenide \u03b2-MoTe2","volume":"100","author":"Stiehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081209073135700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3933","article-title":"Control of Spin-Orbit\nTorques through Crystal Symmetry\nin WTe2\/Ferromagnet Bilayers","volume":"13","author":"MacNeill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat.\nPhys."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081209073135700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0525-8","article-title":"All-Electric Magnetization\nSwitching and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in WTe2\/Ferromagnet\nHeterostructures","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081209073135700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b04993","article-title":"Spin-Orbit\nTorques in NbSe2\/Permalloy Bilayers","volume":"18","author":"Guimara\u0303es","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"7510","key":"2026081209073135700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13534","article-title":"Spin-Transfer Torque Generated by\na Topological Insulator","volume":"511","author":"Mellnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081209073135700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0136-z","article-title":"Room-Temperature\nHigh Spin-Orbit Torque Due to Quantum Confinement in Sputtered BixSe(1-x)\nFilms","volume":"17","author":"Dc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."}],"container-title":["Nano Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c00525","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/nalefd\/article-pdf\/26\/31\/10132\/66332134\/acs.nanolett.6c00525.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/nalefd\/article-pdf\/26\/31\/10132\/66332134\/acs.nanolett.6c00525.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:20:56Z","timestamp":1786540856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/nalefd\/article\/26\/31\/10132\/5236857\/Harnessing-Chalcogen-Chemistry-for-High-Efficiency"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c00525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6984","1530-6992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-6984","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}