{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:35:35Z","timestamp":1787150135966,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22293033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22293033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32271459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"the R&D Program of Guangzhou National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRPG22-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRPG22-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YSBR-133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ebola virus (EBOV) can persist in semen to mediate sexual transmission and drive epidemic resurgence. However, the mechanism by which EBOV breaches the blood\u2013testis barrier (BTB) to invade the male reproductive system remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a quantum dot (QD)-based virus\u2013barrier visualization system (QD-VBVS) integrating QD-encapsulated EBOV-like particles (EBO-VLP-QDs) with two-photon microscopy to enable real-time, high-resolution visualization of viral\u2013BTB interactions in live mice. Single-particle tracking uncovered a four-stage BTB traversal mode, with \u223c2.48% of EBO-VLPs entering seminiferous tubules from the interstitium. Mechanistically, EBO-VLPs disrupt BTB integrity through the selective downregulation of junctional protein connexin 43 and vimentin, while EBOV glycoprotein (GP) is crucial for BTB disruption and viral traversal. Our study unveils key insights into the dynamic mechanism of EBOV traversal across the BTB and establishes a versatile in vivo visualization platform for virus\u2013barrier interactions, advancing our understanding of EBOV pathogenesis in the male reproductive system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c01780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:09:50Z","timestamp":1785848990000},"page":"10678-10689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vivo Tracking\nDeciphers the Traversal of Ebola\nVirus across the Blood\u2013Testis Barrier"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430010"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]},{"name":"Soochow University , , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215031"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430010"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430010"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1347-3168","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xian-En","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518067"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-272X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zongqiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430010"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901594","article-title":"Ebola","volume":"382","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J. Med."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33132-5","article-title":"Ebola virus disease","volume":"393","author":"Malvy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100506","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Ebola Virus Disease","volume":"12","author":"Baseler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu.\nRev. Pathol"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509773","article-title":"Molecular Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Ebola Virus","volume":"373","author":"Mate","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J. Med."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw601","article-title":"Resurgence of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea Linked to a Survivor\nWith Virus Persistence in Seminal Fluid for More Than 500 Days","volume":"63","author":"Diallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120683","article-title":"Persistence and Sexual Transmission of Filoviruses","volume":"10","author":"Schindell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.10015","article-title":"Development and maturation of the male reproductive system","volume":"68","author":"Marty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1101","article-title":"The Mammalian Blood-Testis\nBarrier: Its Biology and Regulation","volume":"36","author":"Mruk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr\nRev."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(02)00776-3","article-title":"An oncological\nview on the blood-testis barrier","volume":"3","author":"Bart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0391","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis\nof seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic\nwaves in mice","volume":"154","author":"Nakata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17113","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.113","article-title":"Identification and pathological\ncharacterization of persistent asymptomatic\nEbola virus infection in rhesus monkeys","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat.\nMicrobiol"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30175-9","article-title":"Prevention of sexual\ntransmission of Ebola in Liberia through a national\nsemen testing and counselling programme for survivors: an analysis\nof Ebola virus RNA results and behavioural data","volume":"4","author":"Soka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008556","article-title":"The impact of semen testing for Ebola virus\nRNA on sexual behavior\nof male Ebola survivors in Liberia","volume":"14","author":"Tompkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl\nTrop Dis"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806265115","article-title":"In vivo imaging of the pathophysiological changes and\nneutrophil\ndynamics in influenza virus-infected mouse lungs","volume":"115","author":"Ueki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0275-y","article-title":"Multicolor two-photon\nimaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology\nupon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS","volume":"15","author":"Ueki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.03.005","article-title":"In Vivo Genetic Manipulation of Spermatogonial\nStem Cells and Their\nMicroenvironment by Adeno-Associated Viruses","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00692","article-title":"Single-Virus Tracking: From Imaging Methodologies to\nVirological\nApplications","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00532E","article-title":"Quantum dots: bright\nand versatile in vitro and in vivo fluorescence\nimaging biosensors","volume":"44","author":"Wegner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b00275","article-title":"Single-Particle Tracking\nof Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Productive\nEntry into Human Primary Macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.5c00491","article-title":"Revealing Mechanisms\nin the Early Stages of Virus Infection by Single-Virus\nTracking","volume":"58","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth818","article-title":"Deep tissue two-photon\nmicroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Helmchen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706856","article-title":"Real-Time and High-Resolution\nBioimaging with Bright Aggregation-Induced\nEmission Dots in Short-Wave Infrared Region","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.07.081","article-title":"Identification of spermatogenesis with multiphoton microscopy: an\nevaluation in a rodent model","volume":"186","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123625","article-title":"Cross-talk between Vimentin\nand autophagy regulates blood-testis\nbarrier disruption induced by cadmium","volume":"346","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011077","article-title":"Ebola virus disrupts\nthe inner blood-retinal barrier by induction\nof vascular endothelial growth factor in pericytes","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511410","article-title":"Ebola RNA Persistence in Semen of Ebola Virus Disease\nSurvivors -\nFinal Report","volume":"377","author":"Deen","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J. Med."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812632116","article-title":"Real-time dissection\nof dynamic uncoating of individual influenza\nviruses","volume":"116","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0317-9","article-title":"Adaptive optics two-photon\nmicroscopy enables near-diffraction-limited\nand functional retinal imaging in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light\nSci. Appl."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07359K","article-title":"Real-time imaging of\nindividual virion-triggered cortical actin dynamics\nfor human immunodeficiency virus entry into resting CD4 T cells","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1700","article-title":"Applications of nanotechnology in virus detection, tracking, and\ninfection mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev.\nNanomed Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008509","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates Zika virus invasion of the\ntestis by modulating the integrity of the blood-testis barrier","volume":"16","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12528","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901089R","article-title":"Mumps virus infection disrupts blood-testis barrier\nthrough the induction\nof TNF-alpha in Sertoli cells","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11365","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab156","article-title":"HIV-1 Establishes a\nSanctuary Site in the Testis by Permeating the\nBTB Through Changes in Cytoskeletal Organization","volume":"162","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2026.03.014","article-title":"Breaking barriers and beyond: mechanisms and pathological implications\nof Zika virus traversal across blood-tissue interfaces","volume":"41","author":"Hui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19623","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111414108","article-title":"P-glycoprotein regulates blood-testis barrier dynamics\nvia its effects\non the occludin\/zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) protein complex mediated\nby focal adhesion kinase (FAK)","volume":"108","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-021-01497-4","article-title":"COVID-19 disrupts the blood-testis barrier through the induction\nof inflammatory cytokines and disruption of junctional proteins","volume":"70","author":"Peirouvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Res."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060747","article-title":"Viral Disruption of Blood-Testis Barrier Precedes\nTesticular Infection","volume":"17","author":"Hager-Soto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.07.001","article-title":"Role of connexin-based\ngap junction channels in testis","volume":"16","author":"Pointis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol\nMetab"},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.01.049","article-title":"Specific Cx43 phosphorylation events regulate gap junction turnover\nin vivo","volume":"588","author":"Solan","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026081910191470900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0299-1","article-title":"Characterization of\nsemen quality, testicular marker enzyme activities\nand gene expression changes in the blood testis barrier of Kunming\nmice following acute exposure to zearalenone","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Nano Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c01780","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/nalefd\/article-pdf\/26\/32\/10678\/66286767\/acs.nanolett.6c01780.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/nalefd\/article-pdf\/26\/32\/10678\/66286767\/acs.nanolett.6c01780.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:19:24Z","timestamp":1787149164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/nalefd\/article\/26\/32\/10678\/5234352\/In-Vivo-Tracking-Deciphers-the-Traversal-of-Ebola"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c01780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6984","1530-6992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-6984","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}