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indispensable for future polaritonic devices. Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) in van der Waals materials enable deep subwavelength confinement of electromagnetic fields in the infrared region and long-distance propagation of polaritonic waves. However, achieving ultrafast imaging and optical control of HPhPs remains a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate the direct observation of transient modulation of HPhPs induced by local photocarrier generation in WS2\/hBN heterostructures using ultrafast infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy. We implement grating-based spectral filtering of broadband near-field scattering to simultaneously achieve nanoscale and femtosecond spatiotemporal resolution together with fine spectral selectivity. This ultrafast nano-imaging technique reveals that photocarriers in WS2 modulate the polaritonic field amplitudes and wavelengths of HPhPs in hBN. Theoretical simulations corroborate that these changes arise from photoinduced changes in WS2 dielectric properties. This approach offers a versatile platform for exploring ultrafast polaritonic dynamics at the nanoscale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c02448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1785140817000},"page":"10446-10454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrafast Nano-imaging\nand Optical Control of Hyperbolic\nPhonon Polaritons at hBN\/WS2 Heterojunctions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Kamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , , ,","place":["Okazaki, Aichi, Japan, 444-8585"]},{"name":"Osaka Metropolitan University , , 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai , ,","place":["Osaka, Japan, 599-8531"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7752-3251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Shinokita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , , ,","place":["Okazaki, Aichi, Japan, 444-8585"]},{"name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI , , ,","place":["Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan, 240-0193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanyu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Science , , 1-1 Namiki , ,","place":["Tsukuba, Japan, 305-0044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8108-109X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryo","family":"Kitaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Science , , 1-1 Namiki , ,","place":["Tsukuba, Japan, 305-0044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3701-8119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Science , , 1-1 Namiki , ,","place":["Tsukuba, Japan, 305-0044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-3105","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takashi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Science , , 1-1 Namiki , ,","place":["Tsukuba, Japan, 305-0044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8271-2284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Paarmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , ,","place":["Berlin, Germany, 14195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-1540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Shibuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , , ,","place":["Okazaki, Aichi, Japan, 444-8585"]},{"name":"Osaka Metropolitan University , , 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai , ,","place":["Osaka, Japan, 599-8531"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7029-062X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takashi","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , , ,","place":["Okazaki, Aichi, Japan, 444-8585"]},{"name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI , , ,","place":["Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan, 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Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7507","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8507","article-title":"Hyperbolic Phonon-Polaritons in Boron Nitride for Near-Field\nOptical Imaging and Focusing","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081209065110200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.166","article-title":"Direct Observation\nof Ultraslow Hyperbolic\nPolariton Propagation with Negative Phase Velocity","volume":"9","author":"Yoxall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081209065110200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17172","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.172","article-title":"Boron Nitride\nNanoresonators for Phonon-Enhanced Molecular\nVibrational Spectroscopy at the Strong Coupling Limit","volume":"7","author":"Autore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081209065110200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02154-5","article-title":"Ultrafast\nEvanescent Heat Transfer across Solid Interfaces via Hyperbolic Phonon\u2013Polariton\nModes in Hexagonal Boron Nitride","volume":"24","author":"Hutchins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081209065110200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.243","article-title":"Hyperbolic Metamaterials","volume":"7","author":"Poddubny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081209065110200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat5047","article-title":"Ultralow-Loss\nPolaritons in Isotopically\nPure Boron Nitride","volume":"17","author":"Giles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081209065110200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b01341","article-title":"Imaging of Anomalous\nInternal Reflections of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polaritons in Hexagonal\nBoron Nitride","volume":"16","author":"Giles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03920","article-title":"Optical Nanoimaging\nof Hyperbolic Surface Polaritons at the Edges of van der Waals Materials","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026081209065110200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn0627","article-title":"Near-Field Probing of Image Phonon-Polaritons\nin Hexagonal\nBoron Nitride on Gold Crystals","volume":"8","author":"Menabde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"7728","key":"2026081209065110200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0618-9","article-title":"In-Plane Anisotropic and Ultra-Low-Loss Polaritons in a Natural van\nder Waals Crystal","volume":"562","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081209065110200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705318","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705318","article-title":"Highly Confined and\nTunable Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in van der\nWaals Semiconducting Transition Metal Oxides","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081209065110200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0665-0","article-title":"Broad Spectral Tuning of Ultra-Low-Loss\nPolaritons in a van der Waals Crystal by Intercalation","volume":"19","author":"Taboada-Gutie\u0301rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026081209065110200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw3452","article-title":"Visualization\nof Topological Shear Polaritons in Gypsum Thin Films","volume":"11","author":"Di\u0301az-Nu\u0301n\u0303ez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"7872","key":"2026081209065110200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03755-1","article-title":"Ghost Hyperbolic\nSurface Polaritons in Bulk Anisotropic Crystals","volume":"596","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-01925-8","article-title":"Long-Propagating Ghost\nPhonon Polaritons Enabled by Selective Mode Excitation","volume":"14","author":"Suriyage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22209-w","article-title":"Sub-Diffractional\nCavity Modes of Terahertz Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in Tin Oxide","volume":"12","author":"Feres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46935-z","article-title":"Observation of Naturally Canalized\nPhonon Polaritons in LiV2O5 Thin Layers","volume":"15","author":"Tresguerres-Mata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50939-0","article-title":"Hyperbolic-to-Hyperbolic\nTransition at Exceptional Reststrahlen Point in Rare-Earth Oxyorthosilicates","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081209065110200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901393","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201901393","article-title":"Phonon Polaritons and Hyperbolic\nResponse in van der Waals Materials","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced\nOptical Materials"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081209065110200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00761-3","article-title":"Visible-to-THz\nNear-Field Nanoscopy","volume":"10","author":"Hillenbrand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"6309","key":"2026081209065110200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aag1992","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1992","article-title":"Polaritons in van\nder Waals Materials","volume":"354","author":"Basov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081209065110200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.7b01048","article-title":"The Effect of Adjacent\nMaterials on the Propagation of Phonon Polaritons in Hexagonal Boron\nNitride","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081209065110200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7725","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02651","article-title":"Refractive\nIndex-Based Control of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polariton Propagation","volume":"19","author":"Fali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081209065110200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.0c00563","article-title":"Acceleration\nof Subwavelength Polaritons by Engineering Dielectric-Metallic Substrates","volume":"7","author":"Feres","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081209065110200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17424-w","article-title":"Image Polaritons in Boron Nitride\nfor Extreme Polariton Confinement\nwith Low Losses","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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