{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:40:07Z","timestamp":1792593607607,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006227","name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC52-07NA27344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC52-07NA27344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007000","name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-SI-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-SI-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries require cathodes that sustain rapid Li+ transport while maintaining structural and interfacial stability. Here, we investigate particle-size effects in \u03b3-MnO2 by comparing micron-sized (4.4 \u00b1 0.8 \u03bcm) and nanosized (62 \u00b1 21 nm) particles under identical conditions. Nanosized \u03b3-MnO2 delivers 160.1 mAh g\u20131 at C\/10 and retains \u223c66% capacity at 5C while exhibiting lower charge-transfer and diffusion-related impedance. Cyclic voltammetry and Dunn\u2019s analysis reveal a 68.9% capacitive contribution at 2 mV s\u20131, indicating a shift toward faster surface-controlled charge storage enabled by increased surface area and shorter Li+ diffusion pathways. GITT measurements show deeper lithiation (x \u2248 0.65 vs 0.48 in LixMnO2) and a more homogeneous solid-solution-like intercalation regime in nanosized particles, avoiding bulk phase-transition kinetic bottlenecks. The nanosized cathode retains 70% capacity with \u223c99.5% Coulombic efficiency after 400 cycles at 3C, demonstrating particle-size engineering as an effective strategy for high-rate, long-life advanced battery energy storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c04092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:01:48Z","timestamp":1791824508000},"page":"14436-14444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Micro\nto Nano: Boosting \u03b3-MnO2 Cathode Performance\nthrough Particle Size Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ella","family":"Davidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Cruz, California, United States, 95064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Cruz, California, United States, 95064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Cruz, California, United States, 95064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4363-6343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinzhe","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Cruz, California, United States, 95064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Freyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue , , ,","place":["Livermore, California, United States, 94550"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asya","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East 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94550"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makena","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 37831"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8703-0293","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 37831"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-3367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christine A.","family":"Orme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue , , ,","place":["Livermore, California, United States, 94550"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-4740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruce","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8012-7727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcus A.","family":"Worsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue , , ,","place":["Livermore, California, United States, 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Chem. Front."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026102109272231300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17150","DOI":"10.1039\/D2DT02153F","article-title":"Characterisation\nof Intergrowth in Metal Oxide Materials Using Structure-Mining:\nThe Case of \u03b3-MnO2","volume":"51","author":"Magnard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dalton\nTrans."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102109272231300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2019.1653520","article-title":"A Review\non Mechanistic Understanding of MnO 2 in Aqueous Electrolyte\nfor Electrical Energy Storage Systems","volume":"65","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nMater. Rev."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026102109272231300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/added3","article-title":"Electrode Architecture\nDesign for Fast Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries: Beyond Material Innovations","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026102109272231300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227374","article-title":"Nanoscale MnO2 Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries: Effect\nof Thermal and Mechanical Processing","volume":"448","author":"Moazzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102109272231300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b10517","article-title":"Understanding Particle-Size-Dependent\nElectrochemical Properties of Li2 MnO3 -Based\nPositive Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries","volume":"120","author":"Yabuuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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C"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102109272231300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1021\/nl1023595","article-title":"Particle Size Dependence\nof the Ionic Diffusivity","volume":"10","author":"Malik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102109272231300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8525","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c03922","article-title":"A Figure of Merit for\nFast-Charging Li-Ion Battery Materials","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026102109272231300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202001562","article-title":"Recent Developments\nof Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for High-Rate Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102109272231300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c03187","article-title":"Effect of\nNanostructured and Open-Porous Particle Morphology on Electrode Processing\nand Electrochemical Performance of Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"4","author":"Mu\u0308ller","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026102109272231300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49182","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c13305","article-title":"Oriented LiMn2 O4 Particle Fracture from Delithiation-Driven\nSurface Stress","volume":"12","author":"Warburton","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026102109272231300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300408","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202300408","article-title":"3D-Printed Graded Electrode\nwith Ultrahigh MnO2 Loading for Non-Aqueous Electrochemical\nEnergy Storage","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026102109272231300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2025.237417","article-title":"Investigating\nthe Structural Change and Degradation Mechanism of MnO2 for Lithium-Ion\nBatteries","volume":"648","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2026102109272231300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2013.1598","article-title":"Enhancement\nof Discharge Capacity\nof Mg\/MnO2 Primary Cell with Nano-MnO2 as Cathode","volume":"5","author":"Srither","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026102109272231300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24499","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b05241","article-title":"Physical Interpretations\nof Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Redox Active Electrodes\nfor Electrical Energy Storage","volume":"122","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. 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Energy Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109272231300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.33961\/jecst.2021.00836","article-title":"Principles and Applications\nof Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique for Lithium-Ion\nBatteries","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026102109272231300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4683","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164683","article-title":"Investigation of\nLithium Ion Diffusion of Graphite Anode by the Galvanostatic Intermittent\nTitration Technique","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102109272231300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020176","article-title":"On the Ageing\nof High Energy Lithium-Ion\nBatteries\u2500Comprehensive Electrochemical Diffusivity Studies\nof Harvested Nickel Manganese Cobalt Electrodes","volume":"11","author":"Capron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102109272231300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9113333","article-title":"Galvanostatic Intermittent\nTitration Technique for Phase-Transformation\nElectrodes","volume":"114","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102109272231300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.12.079","article-title":"Determination of Lithium Diffusion Coefficient in LiFePO4\nElectrode by Galvanostatic and Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration\nTechniques","volume":"55","author":"Churikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102109272231300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1021\/nl202764f","article-title":"Suppression of Phase Separation in\nLiFePO4 Nanoparticles During Battery Discharge","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102109272231300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SE00279B","article-title":"First-Principles\nEvaluation of MnO2 Polymorphs as Cathode Material in Lithium-Ion\nBatteries","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109272231300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12626-3","article-title":"Correlation between Manganese Dissolution\nand Dynamic Phase Stability in Spinel-Based Lithium-Ion Battery","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102109272231300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)13411-0","article-title":"Anisotropic\nExpansion and High Rate\nDischarge Performance of V-Doped MnO2 for Li\/MnO2 Primary Battery","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102109272231300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1585-y","article-title":"Excellent Cyclic Performance\nof Electrolytic MnO2 in Li\/MnO2 Rechargeable\nBatteries","volume":"1","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102109272231300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13061269","article-title":"Synthesis\nof High Surface Area \u03b1-KyMnO2 Nanoneedles Using Extract\nof Broccoli as Bioactive Reducing Agent and Application in Lithium\nBattery","volume":"13","author":"Hashem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102109272231300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.04.084","article-title":"Electrochemical\nCharacteristics of\nManganese Oxide\/Carbon Composite as a Cathode Material for Li\/MnO2\nSecondary Batteries","volume":"183","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102109272231300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A448","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0781503jes","article-title":"New Insights for the Cyclic Performance\nof Li\/MnO2 Batteries Using a Simple Electrochemical Process","volume":"162","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102109272231300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SE01048C","article-title":"Carbon-Coated\n\u03b2-MnO2 for Cathode of\nLithium-Ion Battery","volume":"4","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102109272231300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200602499","article-title":"Mesoporous Crystalline\n\u03b2-MnO2 \u2500a\nReversible Positive Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries","volume":"19","author":"Jiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. 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