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Piast\u00f3w Slaskich we Wroclawiu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.D260.25.027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D260.25.027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The possibility of using nanoparticles (NPs) showing prolonged luminescence in the biosensing and bioimaging fields of science is now attracting increasing attention. Such materials can help to overcome the problems of autofluorescence or increased photodamage because, for example, fractionated irradiance can be used in the light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species experiments. However, the carefully designed and engineered surface functionalization of those NPs is required for not only decreased toxicity but most importantly for active targeting toward selected cell types. As a solution, herein, we propose the construction of virus-like particles, which by mimicking the properties of real viruses can selectively enter cells with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and additionally show afterglow emissive properties for enhanced biosensing and bioimaging applications. In particular, we have functionalized the surface of rod-like, Mn-doped, Zn2GeO4 NPs, showing efficient green persistent luminescence, with so-called \u201cartificial corona\u201d composed of SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike proteins. The designed material preserved unique optical properties, including stable green luminescence with persistent decay time at the level of several dozen seconds, showed decreased cytotoxicity, and, most importantly, was taken up more readily by the human pancreatic cancer cell lines positive for TLRs with respect to the cell line negative for those markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c01355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T13:53:36Z","timestamp":1761486816000},"page":"10038-10049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Persistent Green Luminescence in Nanoparticles Functionalized\nwith SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins: Virus-Like Particles Showing\nActive Targeting toward Selected Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kuich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7309-3696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Urszula","family":"Bazylin\u0301ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julita","family":"Kulbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University , , Borowska 211 A , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-556"]},{"name":"State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine , , ,","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania, LT-08406"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6652-7890","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vitalii","family":"Boiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences , , Okolna 2 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-422"]},{"name":"National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , , Prospekt Nauky 46 , ,","place":["Kyiv, Ukraine, UA-03028"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-2314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Hreniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences , , Okolna 2 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-422"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Jewgin\u0301ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-4038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcin","family":"Nyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-9562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominika","family":"Wawrzyn\u0301czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50-370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072914064897600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13592","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c21734","article-title":"A Multifunctional Nanoplatform Based on Carbon Nanotubes\nLoaded with Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles for Photocatalysis,\nPhotothermal Therapy, and Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"48","key":"2026072914064897600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44978","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b18124","article-title":"Raspberry-Like\nMesoporous Zn1.07Ga2.34Si0.98O6.56:Cr0.01 Nanocarriers for Enhanced\nNear-Infrared Afterglow Imaging and Combined Cancer Chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072914064897600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c20023","article-title":"Intelligent Hierarchical\nTargeting Near-Infrared Persistent Luminescence Nanosystem for Improved\nNuclear Delivery and Simultaneous Visualization\/Therapy of EBV-Associated\nCancer","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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